雅思阅读技巧总结之快速定位
作为雅思阅读的第一个考点，如何才能在如此大的阅读量下快速定位找到答案，变得十分关键。今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅读技巧总结之快速定，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
雅思阅读技巧总结之快速定位
如何选取雅思阅读定位词?
首先，选取定位词需要遵循一个总的原则，即——以名词为主。
在此提醒烤鸭们不要忘记了雅思阅读考试的核心是同义替换，从考试核心出发，名词在各类词性中意思相对唯一且明确，也因此不容易出现替换，所以在选取定位词的过程中，首先需要寻找的便是名词。
当然这并不表示所有的名词都可以用作定位词。我们首先选取名词作为定位词的原因是其意思相对唯一明确，不易替换，但是名词中有一类是不符合这个特点的——抽象名词。
抽象名词可以举出很多例 子， 诸 如 reason，idea，definition… 我 们 以definition 为例，definition 的意思是“定义，解释”，一篇文章中可能会出现对多个专家学者对某一特定现象的解释或阐释，那么在这篇文章中，每一个学者说过的话，都是一个“definition”，如此一来，如果我们选择某一题目中的“definition”作为定位词，那么该题目便无法对应到文章中的具体部分，显然就无法进一步解答了。
因此，在定位词的选取上，我们要遵循名词为主的总原则，但是要排除掉名词中的抽象名词一类。
寻找特殊词
在以名词为主的总原则下，我们要进一步睁大我们的眼睛，去发现题目中的“特殊词”。那么何为“特殊词”?常见的“特殊词”又有哪些?
(1)以大写、斜体形式出现的词
雅思阅读中会有字体上的差异，大多数情况下，如果我们在题目中读到了以大写或是斜体形式出现的单词，这些词因其“外形”上的与众不同，值得我们格外留意，一般来讲，这类词是适合选择的定位词。
(2)数字
众所周知，英文里的数字相对来讲拼写繁琐，所以大多数情况下，阅读中出现的数字都是以阿拉伯数字形式出现的，包括百分数、分数等等，也因此数字在大多数情况下在一堆英文字母里就显得格外突出啦!所以，一般来讲，数字同样也是适合选作定位的“特殊词”之一。
(3)时间
雅思阅读中涉及到的时间非常多，大到世纪，小到分秒。时间同样是一类适合选择作为定位词的“特殊词”。时间的特性之一便是其唯一性，而这恰恰符合我们选择定位词的要求，诸如 1985、二十世纪等都是唯一且确定的时间，同样容易发现，且不易替换。更不用说年份这类词尝尝是以阿拉伯数字形式出现的，就更加显眼了!
(4)人名
学术类阅读中常常涉及各类专家、学者，因此人名同样是出镜频率较高的一类“特殊词”。人名出现需要大写，且拼写方式明显与其他词不同，烤鸭们最头疼的替换问题更是完全不需要担心!因此，一般情况下，人名同样是题目中适合作为定位词的“特殊词”。
雅思阅读定位特殊词的特殊情况
首先看题目中有无“特殊词”的原因是其显眼好找，且不易替换的特性。“不易替换”
当然不等于“不会替换”，考官们在“特殊词”上，也会想尽办法，企图难倒众烤鸭们。
例如数字上容易出现特殊情况的百分数。《剑桥雅思 7》Test 2 Passage 3 的第 34题 ：
“The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.”中选择“20%”作为定位词，而回到文章中却根本没有发现 20% 这个数字，实际上就是考官耍了一个小trick，20% outside 在文章中变成了 80% within。
所以，当用百分数 X 作为定位词没有找到对应时，我们要去寻找 1-X。
遇到雅思阅读定位词没有特殊词怎么办?
要始终坚信，考官是冷酷无情的!他们是不会轻易放过烤鸭们的，所以大多数情况下，只有少部分题目中会出现上述容易定位的“特殊词”。在没有“特殊词”的情况下，我们需要选择普通词作为主要定位词。
首先，普通词定位同样是建立在词性原则基础上的，即以名词为主。
其次，我们在选取普通定位词的时候，重点是关注一道题目中的主语名词和宾语名词。
一般情况下，我们以主语名词为主，宾语名词为辅。原因在于主语名词中的“主”字，其重要性已经不言而喻，所以一道没有“特殊词”的题目，我们首先应当关注主语名词。
但是，当宾语名词与主语名词相比，宾语名词是一个更加不熟悉、不常见，甚至完全不认识的词时，宾语名词就一跃成为了主要定位词。原因有两点：
(1)该词在文章中的对应性很强，有可能仅在此文中出现并进行专门讨论。
(2)该词本身就是一个专有名词，那么该词就从一个所谓的“普通词”变成了不易，甚至是无法替换的“特殊词”。
例 如， 剑 7 Test 1 Passage 2 中 第 22 题：
“Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.”中的“irrigation systems”，即灌溉系统一词，大多数烤鸭初看该词并不知道其准确意思，但是它属于要以宾语名词为主的情况，且本身就是一个专有名词，文中该词也是以原词形式出现的。
同样的情况也适用于第 26 题：
“In the future, governments should maintain ownership of water infrastructures.”的“infrastructures”一词。
所以，当没有“特殊词”，而只能选用普通词定位时，我们需要将题目中的主语名词和宾语名词选出并比较，一般情况下以主语名词为主，宾语名词为辅;当宾语名词更加不熟悉、不常见，甚至完全不认识时，以宾语名词为主要定位词。同时需要提出的是，普通词定位大概率会出现同义替换，要想做到精确定位，除了掌握好定位原则之外，还需要在同义词上多下功夫!
雅思阅读的正确答题顺序：顺序原则
什么是“顺序原则”?即雅思官方在题型特点注释中所述的“Answers are in passage order.”若某题型符合这一描述，考生可以顺着题号一题一题地往文章更靠后的位置找答案。
顺序原则与题型：宏观地看一篇雅思阅读文章包涵的全部题型，答案分布的顺序也符合题型出现的先后顺序，例如全文包含先判断题，后填空题这两种题型，则较有可能出现的情况是判断题答案分布在文章的前半部分，而填空题在文章后半部分。例如: 剑桥雅思真题集系列7，Test 4 Passage 1: 前7题判断题分布于前6个段落，剩下的段落填空题分布于第9段，和前面7段无关。
接下来说说哪些题型符合“Answers are in passage order”(我们把题型总体分成四大类：判断、选择、填空和配对)
1.判断题，包括identifying information(TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)和identifying writer’s views(YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)均严格符合“顺序原则”。
2.选择题。四选一的单选题符合顺序原则，而多选题则无所谓顺序原则，所选答案在list中的位置可能与它们在文章中出现的先后顺序不吻合，但是这种题型在答题卷上以任何顺序写出所选答案都可以。
3.填空题，(在此我们把所有要填单词作答的题型全部归为填空题)，除段落概括填空(summary completion)以外，简答题(short answer questions)、句子填空(sentence completion)、表格填空(table completion)、笔记填空(notes completion)、流程图填空(flow-chart completion)和示意图填空(diagram labeling)均符合“顺序原则”。针对段落概括填空，我们可以默认它也为顺序原则，但需要做好个别答案乱序的心理准备(例如C7T4P1(Ant Intelligence)、C8T2P2(The Little Ice Age)
4.配对题。字面理解，“配对”即把混乱的项与相应部分对应起来，因此配对题很自然就是乱序的，包括段落标题配对(matching headings)、段落信息配对(matching information)、人名与陈述配对(matching people to statements)和事件与时间段配对(matching events to time periods)等。
雅思阅读答题注意事项
需要注意的是，顺序原则仅适用于同一题型内，若跨越了题型，就不一定了。例如：剑桥雅思C9T1Q18-26，18题至20题为short answer questions，21题至26题为identifying writer’s views，两种题型均符合顺序原则，但是20题的答案在文章的相应位置并不一定出现在21题答案的相应位置之前。
雅思阅读解题指导方针
最后来说说雅思阅读做题顺序原则和解题过程的关系。两者的关系主要体现在前者对如何读题干的影响。对于遵守顺序题型的题型，考生在审阅题干时候可以选择审一题解一题的做法，因为相关内容在文中按顺序出现，这样做考生也会感到循序渐进，脉络清楚。当然，选择在一开始讲该题型的每个题干都审阅一遍也未尝不可，可先完成较容易定位的题目，再活用顺序原则，缩小较难定位题目所需的搜索范围。对于乱序题型，特别是段落信息配对题，考生须在文中搜索答案之前审阅全部题干，因为信息在文中的分布为乱序，所以第1题的信息有可能出现在比如，倒数第二段，而我们的阅读顺序，如前文所述，肯定是从头段至尾段的。
雅思阅读模拟题：经济进化论
Economic Evolution
A Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.
B How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.
C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive” and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.
D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.
E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.
F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement if false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.
No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.
Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.
Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.
Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.
Questions 6-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?
A a strict rule
B a smart strategy
C a tightly managed authority
D a powerful legislation
7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economics
A an official announcement
B a diplomatic event
C the exchange of goods
D certain written correspondence
E some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation
Questions 9-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.
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