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托福改革后听力考试内容组成详解及题型分值介绍

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托福改革后听力考试内容组成详解及题型分值介绍

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托福改革后听力考试内容组成详解及题型分值介绍

托福听力考试内容讲解

托福听力考试部分的考试时间通常为41-57分钟,听力考试的题型大致可分为对话和讲座两个类型。每段听力内容的时间大致都在4到6分钟左右。

对话部分,托福听力每场考试一般有2-3个对话,每段对话后设有5个问题。在对话中,第一个场景一般发生在学校办公室里。对话可能涉及学术内容或者与课程要求有关。第二、三个场景是关于学生的日常对话。对话一般发生在大学校园中,包括非学术性的内容。当然这个并非绝对,对话的具体内容也可能会出现一些变化。

除了对话外,另一种将做形式的托福听力题型则包含3到4个讲座(Lectures),每个讲座后会有6个问题。讲座一般来源于讲师教授的课堂教学内容。讲座可能只是摘录教授的讲课内容,或者是学生的提问,或是老师向学生提问并且请一位学生回答。这个题型更偏向于学术性的内容。

当然,在这里需要提示大家一下,听录音的过程中,ETS允许大家记录笔记。所以,备考听力过程中,学会如何记录笔记,对于托福听力的提分是很有帮助的。

托福听力评分标准解读

在托福听力中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total points”。而托福听力的评分标准和出题形式大致可以总结为以下3点:

1.分值是1分的题目,所有的项目都要回答正确,这一题才算是拿到了全部分值。

2.分值是2分的题目,比如,四选三的题目,必须全部答对才能得到所有分值;选对2个,可得到1个分值。

3.托福听力以单选题为主,复选题和表格题为辅。

2020托福听力练习:人工养殖鳟鱼以满足食用需求

Half of all fish people eat worldwide now come from fish farms. So farms need to do more to keep up with demand.

"If we look to the future, at today's per capita fish intake around the world we would need to double aquaculture production."

Ron Hardy is the University of Idaho's Director of Aquaculture Research. He presented his research at the recent International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Sun Valley, Idaho, which he also chaired.

In the wild, rainbow trout eat insects and other, smaller fish. But Hardy says there aren't enough little fish to feed larger fish in the wild and still meet market demand as the human population increases. So he's used selective breeding to create strains of farmed fish that get by on food that's less expensive than little fish—feed made from soybeans, corn and wheat.

Some of the farmed fish really thrive: 16 years ago, Hardy had to wait a year for a one-pound trout. These days, his efforts yield trout up to four times as large in the same amount of time.

"So, it would be kind of like if you were going to breed dogs. So we've got everything from Rottweilers to little Scotties or whatever."

But the farmed fish are not completely vegetarian.

"Soybeans don't have skeletons, they don't have bones and the bones in fish meal are a major source of minerals for the fish, for example."

And much like humans, fish diets require omega-3 fatty acids, not found in terrestrial plants. So Hardy has to add a little fish-oil back into the plant-based feed. For those of us without waders, this kind of aquaculture is our best shot at a fish fry.

现在全世界人们食用的鱼中,有一半来自养鱼场。所以,养鱼场要做更多来满足人们的需求。

“如果我们放眼未来,以目前世界人均鱼类摄入量来看,我们需要加倍水产养殖。”

罗恩·哈迪是爱达荷大学水产养殖研究所所长。他主持了近期在爱达荷州太阳谷举行的世界鱼类营养与饲料学术研讨会,并发表了他的研究成果。

在野生环境中,虹鳟鱼以昆虫和其它小型鱼类为食。但是哈迪表示,由于人类人口不断增长,野生环境中没有足够的小型鱼类既供大型鱼类食用,又满足市场需求。所以,他采用选择育种的方法培育出几种养殖鱼品种,这些品种依靠花费少于小型鱼类的食物生存,比如大豆、玉米和小麦等。

一些养殖鱼茁壮成长:16年以前,哈迪想得到一只一磅重的鳟鱼,必须要等一年的时间。而现在,他的努力使鳟鱼的产量在同样的时间内翻了四倍。

“所以,这就像培育狗一样。我们可以得到罗德维拉犬,也可以得到小型Scotties犬。”

但是养殖鱼并不是完全的素食鱼。

“大豆中不含骨骼,不含骨头,而骨头是鱼类饮食中矿物质的主要来源。”

与人类很像,鱼饲料也需要欧米伽-3脂肪酸,但它并不存在于陆生植物中。所以哈迪必须要在植物性饲料中加一些鱼油。对于我们这种没有钓鱼用连靴裤的人来说,这种水产养殖是我们能享用到炸鱼的最佳选择。

重点讲解:

1. keep up with 跟上(变化等);跟上(活儿、人等);

例句:Penny tended to work through her lunch hour in an effort to keep up with her work.

为了把活儿干完,彭妮常常午饭时间也要工作。

2. look to 展望,思考(将来发生的事);

例句:Looking to the future, though, we asked him what the prospects are for a vaccine to prevent infection in the first place.

不过,展望未来,我们问到他研制出防止感染的疫苗究竟有多大的可能性。

3. get by 勉强过活;勉强应付;

例句:He gets by on very little money.

他靠著很少的钱过日子。

2020托福听力练习:野生动物与猎人和徒步旅行者共存

Public lands in the U.S. are managed with two goals in mind: protecting biodiversity and providing people with recreational opportunities, a chance to connect with nature. But sometimes those two goals are at odds—especially if recreation, activities like hiking or hunting, disrupts wild animals enough to alter their use of those landscapes.

Indeed, several years ago, a study done in California found that hikers had a negative impact on wildlife.

"That kind of sounded a bit of an alarm to us as wildlife biologists and as people who like to go hiking ourselves."

Wildlife biologist Roland Kays, of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and N.C. State University.

"We were pretty worried that if this problem was as bad as it seemed from that study, and was widespread, then there could be a real conflict between outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation."

To find out, Kays and his team enlisted the help of more than 350 volunteer citizen scientists, who deployed camera traps at nearly 2,000 sites within 32 protected areas in six different states. Roughly half of the areas allowed hunting and half did not. What they discovered was something of a relief.

"We found relatively minor impacts of hunting and hiking on wildlife."

It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species, like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them.

But they did find something that had a much bigger impact on wildlife: habitat quality. The best predictor of wildlife abundance was not human activity, but factors like forest connectivity, nearby housing density, and the amount of adjacent agriculture. The results were published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.

And they suggest that outdoor recreation, a 646-billion-dollar industry in the U.S., is currently managed in a sustainable way, but also that protecting the scattered patches of wild habitat that remain in the U.S. is vital—both for wildlife and for people.

"Recreation, including hunting and hiking, and wildlife conservation, can coexist in the same place at the same time, and we can go out there and enjoy nature, enjoy the woods, hope to catch a glimpse of wildlife, without worrying about hurting the populations in the process."

美国公共土地管理有两个目标:一是保护生物多样性,二是为人们提供娱乐休闲、接近大自然的机会。不过有时这两个目标并不一致,尤其是像徒步旅行或狩猎这样的休闲活动,如果对野生动物造成破坏,足以改变他们对这些景观的使用。

事实上,几年前,加利福尼亚进行的一项研究发现,徒步旅行者会对野生动物产生负面影响。

“作为野生生物学家,作为喜欢徒步旅行的人,这就像是为我们敲响了警钟。”

罗兰·凯斯是北卡罗来纳自然科学博物馆和北卡罗来纳州州立大学的野生生物学家。

“我们非常担心,如果这一问题像研究发现的那样严重、普遍,那户外休闲活动和野生动物保护之间可能会发生真正的冲突。”

为了找到答案,凯斯和他的团队招募了350余名公民科学家志愿者,让这些志愿者在6个州的32个保护区设置相机“陷阱”近2000处。在这些地点中,约有一半地区允许狩猎,另一半则不允许。他们的发现令人松了一口气。

“我们发现狩猎和徒步旅行对野生动物的影响相对较小。”

当然这并不是说人类活动对野生动物没有任何影响。像白尾鹿、灰松鼠和浣熊等大量被捕杀的物种,在狩猎地区极少被拍摄到。土狼在狩猎地区经常出现。大多数物种没有选择回避徒步旅行的小径,捕食者实际上更喜欢它们。

但是他们的确发现了会对野生动物产生更大影响的因素:栖息地的质量。野生动物丰富的最佳预测指标并不是人类活动,而是森林的连通性、附近房屋的密度以及相邻农田的数量。这一研究结果刊登在《应用生态学期刊》上。

他们认为,作为美国价值6千4600亿美元的产业,户外休闲活动现在应以可持续的方式进行管理,另外,无论是对野生动物还是对人类而言,保护美国零散的野生栖息地是至关重要的。

“狩猎和徒步旅行等休闲活动,可以与野生动物保护在同一时间同一个地方共存,我们可以走出去,享受自然,希望能在森林里看到野生动物,而不用担心在这一过程中对它们造成伤害。”

美国公共土地管理有两个目标:一是保护生物多样性,二是为人们提供娱乐休闲、接近大自然的机会。不过有时这两个目标并不一致,尤其是像徒步旅行或狩猎这样的休闲活动,如果对野生动物造成破坏,足以改变他们对这些景观的使用。

事实上,几年前,加利福尼亚进行的一项研究发现,徒步旅行者会对野生动物产生负面影响。

“作为野生生物学家,作为喜欢徒步旅行的人,这就像是为我们敲响了警钟。”

罗兰·凯斯是北卡罗来纳自然科学博物馆和北卡罗来纳州州立大学的野生生物学家。

“我们非常担心,如果这一问题像研究发现的那样严重、普遍,那户外休闲活动和野生动物保护之间可能会发生真正的冲突。”

为了找到答案,凯斯和他的团队招募了350余名公民科学家志愿者,让这些志愿者在6个州的32个保护区设置相机“陷阱”近2000处。在这些地点中,约有一半地区允许狩猎,另一半则不允许。他们的发现令人松了一口气。

“我们发现狩猎和徒步旅行对野生动物的影响相对较小。”

当然这并不是说人类活动对野生动物没有任何影响。像白尾鹿、灰松鼠和浣熊等大量被捕杀的物种,在狩猎地区极少被拍摄到。土狼在狩猎地区经常出现。大多数物种没有选择回避徒步旅行的小径,捕食者实际上更喜欢它们。

但是他们的确发现了会对野生动物产生更大影响的因素:栖息地的质量。野生动物丰富的最佳预测指标并不是人类活动,而是森林的连通性、附近房屋的密度以及相邻农田的数量。这一研究结果刊登在《应用生态学期刊》上。

他们认为,作为美国价值6千4600亿美元的产业,户外休闲活动现在应以可持续的方式进行管理,另外,无论是对野生动物还是对人类而言,保护美国零散的野生栖息地是至关重要的。

“狩猎和徒步旅行等休闲活动,可以与野生动物保护在同一时间同一个地方共存,我们可以走出去,享受自然,希望能在森林里看到野生动物,而不用担心在这一过程中对它们造成伤害。”



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