高分GRE写作提纲举例指导

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高分GRE写作提纲举例指导1

1 、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."

.分同意

意见相同的人有共同关心的问题,容易交流,可以学到

In addition, their views reveal the importance and the core of our work and their positive suggestions could provide us a more insightful understanding of the topic and more thoughts for further work. However, all the help described above can only promise our success in completeness of our own ideas about the topic. Breakthrough will be hardly achieved because it requires a distinct vision never created before to lead people. Without different opinions, it is difficult to jump out from our own myopic thinking.

.我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多;意见分歧阻碍了学习。

① 与意见相同的人效率高。大家基本观点一致,气氛比较和谐,还可能是受的教育相同。如:有时遇到一个问题,会倾向于和自己有相同观点的人讨论,和其他人根本谈不来。

② 承认有时与意见相背的人讨论时降低效率的。A 有时根本立场就不一样,根本无法达成一致。B 有时纯粹就是争论而忘了初始的目的。

③ 和意见相背的人在一起还有可能难以提高A 一方面可能压力较大而不说出意见 B 可能难以接受自己的意见被驳斥is little harder or even bitte r to accept opposite views

④ 但是也能从意见相背的人那里学到很多。和同样的人在一起,有相同的思考方法和论点,无法获得进步。而意见相背的人,可以 A 提供新的思路 如:不同学科的学生可能倾向于使用不同的分析方法 B 给出我们所不了解的实证经验,如:文化传统或立场不同而对一件事情有着不同的看法。

Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion ar e confined to the same level of cognition with us.

It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours. Admittedly that, it is little harder or even bitte r to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other’s challenge.

高分GRE写作提纲举例指导2

1 、"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

.科之间有相互联系,发展需要结合其他学科的内容

1、在学科发展尚不成熟时期,不引进外界的知识也可以发展

Galileo velocity and weight; Newton's laws of motion

2、许多学科之间有联系,现代学科发展到一定程度后,这种联系发现与强化对每个学科的发展具有重要作用

education and computer technology; instructiona l technology, more efficient teaching methods integrated with the usage of computer anthropologist's knowledge about an ancient civiliztion is enhanced by biochemists, geologists, linguists, historians

3、对于一些学科来说,如果只从学科本身去研究,无视相关学科,会限制该学科发展,无法解决某些问题

psychology and statictics, analyze the psychological problems through statistical methods, find the similarities and differences; without not able to find the psychological principles, unable to solve complex problems, e.g. to understand the rela tionship between physic al apperance and first impression

ISSUE4

没有外来知识,任何领域不可能明显发展

1 诚然,在社会发展的最初阶段,各个学科还都处在不成熟的时期,它们之间的关联很少,这使得 some of them可以独立发展,不需要其他学科。比如数学是所有自然科学的基础,它最早发展的时候,没有其他学科能够帮助。几乎再找不到其他的学科不需要其他学科的支持。几乎所有学科都需要其他外来知识。

2 在科学和技术领域,这最明显。没有一项科学技术是独立创造出来的,都需要引入其他学科的知识。拿计算机为

例,计算机发明出来以后在相当长的时间里都是停滞不前,直到引入了先进的半导体技术,使得 CPU的速度飞速增长,导致了计算机的一次革命;而当计算机达到了 unprecedented 发达以后,先进的软件为材料科学提供了强大的工具和实验方法,使得材料科学领域可以开发更先进的半导体技术。因此,很多学科都是相互影响的,他们的互相技术的交融,使得我们的 study 不停的进步。

3 在社会学领域,假设一个历史学家需要研究古人的资料,因此考古学必须介入。而考古学家想要找到文物那么有地理学知识;进一步文物的鉴定还需要电子技术的支持以及化学的帮助;而为了更好的了解考古学家带来的证据,历史学家不得不去文学书中寻找答案,这就要求他们必须有足够的文学知识。可见,社会学的领域也是互相渗透互相影响的,没有其中任何一环,将不能够成功。

4 在商业领域,没有任何一个经理人会忽视经济学的作用,同时,要想推广他们的产品,他们还必须借鉴广告学和公共关系学的知识;法律知识的介入,使商业活动更加规范和快速,使得商业有了本质的飞跃。所以说,商业领域与前面叙述的一样,都是必须借助外来知识的。

5 大正小负:

科技发展的趋势是越来越趋向团对化,多领域化。

如:制作一个应用软件需要有业务分析员,系统分析师,程序设计员,测试人员,维护人员,管理人员的。 又如:一个飞机的设计,牵扯到的专业就多了,包括机械,推进器研究,气体力学,室内设计,航空驾驶,逃生统,等等,有些村学术领域不需要其他领域知识和经验

如:理论数学,理论物理

6但趋势是越来越综合性。

7不可否认,许多基础学科的发展主要的成果都是源自内在的创造,伦琴 roentgen 发现了 X 射线,魏格纳提出了板块学说和漂移学说。

但是,一个领域的研究可以借签其它领域的成果而取得巨大的进步,当数学家 mathematician John Nash 把数学的思想用来解释经济现象后,当代的经济领域发生巨大的变化,很多 Nobel 经济学奖得主是数学家; 随着现代科学和社会的发展各个不同领域之间常常互相影响,新的交叉学科应运而生,不但促进了原有领域的发展还具有很高的新起点。(化学和生物的交叉产生了生化 biochemistry,促进了近代临床科学 clinic medicine的发展,如人造骨骼 artificial bones的应用)随着社会的发展,越来越多的交叉学科出现,各个学科的发展需要多方面的知识。如计算机学科需要多种数学啊,艺术的知识;

尽管很少,仍有一些学科相对独立。例:数学有自己的理论体系(system info) ,基本依靠计算(calculation)、逻辑推理(logic ratiocinate) ,哲学(philosophy)依赖思考总之,其它领域的成果对该领域进步的促进远大于其带来的不利影响,应该鼓励各个领域之间的相互交流。

8 翻译:在任何一个研究领域当中,除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验,否则该领域就很难获得巨大的

发展。

提纲:(平衡观点)

1、不可否认,许多基础学科的发展主要的成果都是源自内在的创造,如万有引力定律,哥白尼的日心说astronomy(恩,老掉牙的例子,那就用凯恩斯发现宏观经济学规律吧)Archimedes Theorem(定理)mechanics(力学)law (定律)the law of gravity (万有引力定律)geometry (几何学)Keynes 凯恩斯(英国经济学家)

2、但是,一个领域的研究可以借签其它领域的成果而取得巨大的进步(当 John Nash 把数学的思想用来解释经济现象后,当代的经济领域发生巨大的变化)很多 Nobel 经济学奖得主是数学家;

3、随着现代科学和社会的发展各个不同领域之间常常互相影响,新的交叉学科应运而生,不但促进了原有领域的发展还具有很高的新起点。(化学和生物的交叉产生了生化领域,促进了近代临床科学的发展,如人造骨骼的应用)随着社会的发展,越来越多的交叉学科出现,各个学科的发展需要多方面的知识。如计算机学科需要多种数学啊,艺术的知识; Frederick Taylor, the father of Scientific Management 的科学管理理论是源于生产实践经验等等artificial bones

4、尽管很少,但是其它领域不成熟的经验会对该领域的进步带来不利的影响。(Paul Muller 的DDT对globa ecological system 的影响)

5、总之,其它领域的成果对该领域进步的促进远大于其带来的不利影响,应该鼓励各个领域之间的相互交流。

6、 没有领域可以 advance,除非引进另外的知识

一、确实需要引进,但也有的学科靠自己

not all the progresses are incited by the merits of outside fields. One telling example involves series of development in physics that

二、相关学科之间,考虑生物 The interactions among relative science s are often significant and essentia DNA,生化,生物进化、迁徙-- 地质

三、关联不大的学科,自然科学和人文学科,经济加入数学、统计even among those disciplines which have little bearing on each other, such as physical sciences and social sciences, decisive and unforeseeable steps occurs in the combination of different fiel ds, not the pursuit of the specific ends.

亚当斯密开始是哲学,到马歇尔加入数学,后来计量经济学更是统计的分支

四、相反,自然科学也受人文科学影响——达尔文 it is also true in the other way around that physical sciences thrive through bringing perceptions from social science.

五、有的依靠自己的知识发展——物理哥白尼系列

4T "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

几乎没有任何领域能够取得具有重要意义的进步,除非结合其他行业的知识和经验到该领域中来

① 提供技术支持。如:Watson, American biologist who with Francis Crick proposed a spiral model, the double helix, for the molecular structure of DNA. He won the Nobel Prize for advances in the study of genetics; Computer 广泛应用于各个领域。nearly all the scientific areas

② 提供思想方法。No area of intellectual inquiry operates in a vacuum, that is, sciences in various fields are inextricably related inextricably related如:Nash, game theory: math to economics to business to military affairs; philosophy, history, provide wisdom

③ 不同的学科交叉产生了新兴学科。New scientific fields often emerge from the interaction among different disciplines. Biochemistry, psychology with politics=public administration

④ An extreme example, pure mathematics

高分GRE写作提纲举例指导3

6 、"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."

文化是一个广义的综合的概念,人、事、物都可以一定程度上反映当代的文化

1、青少年是社会的重要组成部分,其潮流一定程度上反映当代的文化

例如:青少年爱吃 fast food ,反映社会节奏的加快;青少年爱好internet ,反映现代网络文化的发展和globalization,stars in entertainment and sports

2、但是还有其他的途径了解当代文化,通过成年人和老年人了解文化;通过节日和传统可以了解到当代文化;通过重大事件也可以了解到当代文化;此外,通过人口的组成也可以了解到当代文化。比如美国是个多民族的国家,自由开放。

3、总结,有多种途径都能在反映当代文化的某一侧面,不能强调哪个是最有效的,如果割裂开来,仅仅看到的是当代文化的一个方面,应当结合起来。只看 youth 只了解他们的文化

6T 个体和整体 问题解答 "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth." 6了解当代文化最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。"

① 年轻人更容易接受新事物,同时更张扬,会将他们的喜好宣扬出来,更易形成社会潮流。如:Fashion 基本为年轻人引导。

② 年轻人也在传统文化中长大,身上也有传统文化的影子。如: 对于传统价值观的倚赖。

③ 不一定为 the most。还可以观察大众媒体,由于大众媒体追求的是利润,必然 cater to the public’s interests.

④ 历史等因素也可影响文化。要深刻理解,还是要追溯历史。如:Thanksgiving Day. 最初的美国人,不适应美国环境,受印第安人帮助生存下来。印第安人送来生活必需品,并教会他们如何在这片土地上耕作。第二年获得大丰收,与印第安人共享佳肴。当时常食用的火鸡(turkey)今天成为节日特色。

We always regard youth as the future of the society. Although they are young, fresh and immature, they are also shrewd, full of passion and vitality.

Actually, studying the trends of a country's youth, may help to understand its contemporary culture, since that youth is the pioneer of a country, in this sense, they mirrors the de velopment of the country. Since youth is only a fraction of the society, studying them and their culture just provide us one perspective of the whole culture.

In my view, compare with the youth, those conventions and traditions constitute the foundation of the contemporary culture.

高分GRE写作提纲举例指导4

5 、"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

.家课程和地方课程都需要

1、国家课程可以确保学生在学科学习水平上有统一标准和要求,为大学学习打好基础

language, mathematics, science, history, computer, form the same education background fundamental skills and knowledge, children grow up as informed and productive members of society.easier for college to build curriculua suitable for all freshmen

2、完全统一的国家课程在制定上有问题

谁来决定课程,regulators quirky notions of what should be taught provinces;communities;schools;parents 对教育的看法不同,不会完全同意国家课程

3、实施主要国家课程的同时还需要设置地方性课程,符合地方需求,keep local culture

business courses suitable for children live in metropolitan, unsuitable for those live in hinterland;

course on farming

local culture,language,tradition,arts learn literature, works related with local life easier to understand, to preserve local culture and language

4、 使学生获得起码的知识水平与思想比如统一学习国家的历史与文化,可以 can ensure all of our students be favored with the opportunity to learn all merits of the traditional values that have been created and tested for a long time by our ancestors比如学习数学,物理,化学这些学科,培养足够的逻辑思维和认知能力cognitive skill

B 有助于大学设置课程 provide a predictable foundation upon which college administrators and faculty could more easily build curricular and select course materials for freshmen, 如果学生素质差别太大,很难找到一个合适的起点。Q 保证教材的质量全国同一的教材可以请专家来编写,教材质量有保障,而一些地方可能没有条件来编教材

但是对于某些特殊民族和地区,统一的国家教材可能难以满足他们的需要,甚至可能破坏他们的传统习俗和生活方式On the first place, in some special regions where local persons may possess some kind of traditions and customs totally different from the rest of th e nation, unduly emphasize the application of the national curriculum may ruin their culture and value system.)。还有一些少数民族地区可以开必要的语言课程以及了解自己民族发展历史的课程。比如艺术学校的学生,就需要学习艺术类相关课程而重点不在科学知识上 传输教条 facilitate the dissemination of propaganda and other dogma—which because of its biased and one-sided nature undermines the very purpose of true education: to enlighten. Might wish to suppress – as some sort of threat to its authority and power. 比如国家间意识形态不同,各自通过统一的课程来攻击,贬低彼此,不利于培养思想完善的人

5、 "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

【翻译】 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程,而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排国家统一和地区单独安排课程

【提纲】:不完全赞同

1 为了保证在大学入学考试时的公平性,以及培养一个人生存所必备的能力,国家需要制定统一的必修课【比如数学培养logic ability in order to form rigorous thought; history makes people get a general view of a nation•••】

2 考虑到一些特殊情况,地区可以根据需要开设一些有自己特色的课;(例子,比如艺术院校的学生,除了学习国家规定的课程外,还必须学一些专业方面的知识;还有一些少数民族地区可以开必要的语言课程以及了解自己民族发展历史的课程;还有就是为特殊学生开设特殊的课程,包括 handicapped one and generous one【这点不晓得有没有偏题】)

3 以统一课程为主,地方辅以需要的地方课。

6、 国家统一课程

一、有一定好处,但是地方学校同样可以做到,而且让国家来决定教育的内容有问题,但是在偏远地区还是应该让国家资助

二、国家统一的好处 It is true that uniform courses ha ve some merits with three aspects

a.基础技能 b. 国家政治、地理等课程能更好把握整体,编写教材 c. 一个社会的成员需要共同的背景

三、国家统一课程的优点地方学校也可以做到 However, the regional schools can also provide core courses as same as the national curriculum, and even provide some special co urses that combine with regional characteristics

a. 为了吸引学生,要把家长和学生看重的加入课程

b.而且有地方特色的课程,比如 local culture

c.使得学校多样化,家长和学生的选择增加

四.不能把课程的决定交给官僚 it's ill-conceived to delegate decisions about education to a few bureaucrats.

1.所有人都变成一样

2. 选择变少,控制思想,降低创造力

3.教育保持多样化

五、但是在边远山区,没有钱自己编写课程,国家还是要资助,不得已用国家提供的教材、老师

5T"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they ente college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic course to offer."

7、一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的课程,而不应该允许不同地区的学校擅自决定自己的教学领域。

① 高质量:A 向学生们灌输相同的价值观能够确保所有的学生都学到传统价值观念中的优点 can ensure all of our students be favored with the opportunity to learn all merits of the traditional values that have been created and tested for a long time by our ancestors B 著名专家编撰,local 可能不具备能力或实力

② 公平:A 使得他们能够站在相同的起跑线上scratch line 。B with the same national curriculum, it is convenient for educationist of different parts of the nation to scientifically arrange and prepare the classes of the curriculum.

③ A nation rather than the schools in different parts of the nation determine the national curriculum for the students, however, it does not mean that the local schools have no freedom to choose any course for local students. 但是对于某些特殊民族和地区,统一的国家教材可能难以满足他们的需要,甚至可能破坏他们的传统习俗和生活方式 pose certain amount of detrimental effects. On the first place, in some special regions where local persons may posse ss some kind of traditions and customs totally different from the rest of the na tion, unduly emphasize the application of the national curriculum may ruin their culture and value system. 。如:中国宣传无神论antitheism, 但伊斯兰教徒信仰安拉Moslem believe in Allah

④ 传输教条 facilitate the dissemination of propaganda an d other dogma—which because of its biased and one-sided nature undermines the very purpose of true educatio n: to enlighten. Might wish to suppress – as some sort of threat to its authority and power.

⑤ 对学生个人而言,可能不能因材施教 teach students in accordance of their aptitude

高分GRE写作提纲举例指导5

7 、"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."

.象机是非常重要的记录手段,但不能夸大其作用

1、承认摄象机可以生动而真实地记录发生事件 trip to Europe; Wedding ceremony; robbery in bank; stealing in supermarket; traffic rule violation

2、有些信息不适合仅用摄象机记录,特别是需要存档以后使用的信息,如复杂事件、会议 complex legal case; conference;

3、抽象信息摄象机无法记录,如数字信息,人的内心世界 quantitive information; people's mind, thinking, feeling

.摄像机可以如此精确有力地记录当代人们的生活,因此它已经成为比纸笔记录更重要的记录方式。

1. 数码相机好。首先,后代可以更清楚地了解以前的事情. 此外,数码媒体占地更小 。这些对于文字来说都是不可能的

2. 文字媒体好

3. 最后,两者各有所长,还能取长补短:需要再现场景(scene )用照片;需要记录相关事实,挖掘内在含义,用文字;很多情况下,照片和文字结合使用,图文并茂(the picture and its accompanying essay are both excellent)才能完整的描述一件事情。

.码相机可以精确、令人信服地记录当代人们的生活,作为一种记录方式,它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。

关键词:摄影机,精准,记录,生活,代替纸笔

核心是:图象和文字记录的比较

1 分别定义“图象记录” 和“文字记录”

2 人类为什么要“ 记录” -创作+传播+记录史实(创作就是记录人类对万物的主观感受,因为都有表达的欲望;传播就是用来让更多的人交换彼此的知识;史实就是记录当时历史传给后代)

3 如何满足这样的需求?要求记录的工具必须-可以记录+可以传播+可以存储(可记录指的是要有一个介质来承载,传播指的是可以被移动,被携带,存储是可以长期的留存,而不是一会就没了)

4 从这三个基本要求出发,对图象记录和文字记录分别进行优劣比较

5 比较 1-可记录方面,VIDEO可以录声画,完全再现,缺点成本高,拍摄者的主观视角;文字,只有文字,理解时容易误差,然而最广泛的应用,所以各种流派各种思想都会被记录,比较全面客观

6 比较2-可传播方面。VIDEO要求要用放映的基本设施,文字作品轻便得多,随时随地可以看

7 比较3-可存储方面。拷贝的存储要求一些特定的要求,温度,湿度,等等;书籍就相对简单,而且复制起来也便宜

8 除此之外,VIDEO有一个致命的缺点,就是无法表达人内心的思想和一些抽象的东西。而文字是可以表达的。所以无法代替文字,但 100 年后如何,谁也不知道

【题目】"The video camera provides such an accurate an d convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."

【提纲】数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活,它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。

【翻译】Position :balance ,两者配合使用

1. 摄像机优点:准确、生动、真实、能够记录瞬间、移动物体 (摄像机纪录的优点是显而易见的. 认它能生动、充满细节的记录事情。对当时场景的百分百重现,包括图像声音,这使得接受者更直接的获得信息( 在诉讼过程中作证据) ,而文字记录的阅读着还需要在脑中重现,并且由于记录者的原因可能产生误读。)

eg. Video surveillance cameras ar e objective witnesses with perfect memories, thus play a vital evidentiary role in legal proceedings, such as those involving robbery and motor vehicle violations

2. 摄像机缺点:记录时间短暂、成本高、不灵活- 携带不方便、无概括提炼 (然而,摄像机纪录的缺点也是难以弥补的。首先是时间广度不够,不能记录时间跨度很大的事件。其次是概括性不强。只能记录下具体的画面,不具概括性。三,成本过高。与纸笔纪录比起来,而且不灵活。)

3、纸笔纪录的优点:经过思考、提炼、加工;随时记录;大众方式- 摄像机没普及

(For certain other purposes written records are advantageous to and more appropriate than video records. To the extent that person al interpretation adds dimension and richness to the record, written documentation is actually more important than video.)

4、总结

.ideo 和Written Records

一、各有各的好处。录像机更形象,纸笔能记录抽象思维,而且录像机贵,不方便

二、录像机的好处 It is true that video records are more convincing and vibrant.

1.记录recount 大事件,卫星发射,新年音乐会,奥运会开幕式

2. 视觉效果 visual scene,文学作品最多只能 mental picture

3.生活中的瞬间, surprise party, baby born process, grad uate ceremony, clues for capturing droplets along our life river

三、录像机不能记录详 complex逻辑的clauses, 和statistical and quantitative 数据。as we know, video records are of little use in documenting complex, lo gical clauses and statistical, quantitative data.

1.法律条款,合同,条约

2.我体会 data的重要性 GDP,失业,CPI

四、录像机贵、不方便 the speaker ignores the obvious differences in costs and portability of video and written records.

1.不是每个人都买得起

2.不能随便带

3. On the basis of the scant resources, Net outcome 最大化, 恰当选择

7T "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of do cumentation than written records."

.影机可以精确地拍摄当代

人们的生活,它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录

Our life has gone through great changes since the video camera came into being, which provides a totally new and different way of recording life to the traditional written methods.

摄影机的优点:Compared with written records, video documentation is much less influenced by the one who took record and the one who interpreted it.

Another conspicuous advantage of video records is its生动lifelikeness 。People can see what happened by themselves.如:看 Olympic

摄影机的缺点:Yet it’s rash to say that video camera has already won over traditional written documents and become the new domination of do cumentation field since video record is limited in several aspects

A 过去的历史事件没有记录 restricted by time. B 价格高昂,不是所有人都能承受。

文字的优点:在统计数据方面,以及深刻性方面总结,各有千秋。有时需要结合起来。

We cannot say whether video camera or the written document is more important than the other in that each one has its irreplaceable merits and values. Video camera offers the accurate and convincing method of recording which can revive life in before while traditional written document can provide a more detailed and rational record in lower cost.

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