托福阅读做好笔记4个方法讲解
托福阅读做好笔记4个方法讲解
托福阅读做好笔记4个方法讲解, 记下这些要点做题更轻松。今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读做好笔记4个方法讲解,希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读做好笔记4个方法讲解 记下这些要点做题更轻松
托福阅读做笔记要点：注重重要的逻辑关系
很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确，这也是一种严重的错误。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
托福阅读做笔记要点：抓住主题段和主题句的关键词
托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的主要部分，因此记录几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息也会包含在这部分内容中。
托福阅读做笔记要点：关注时间和数字
通常来讲，出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象，考生都需要把数字记录下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做题时的查询。
托福阅读做笔记要点：注意人名、地名和专有名词
这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
托福阅读背景之“牛角面包的历史”
牛角面包这种法国美食是很多人的心头爱。它的法语名字croissant是“新月”的意思。新月形是牛角面包的经典造型，这其中的缘故，就要牵扯到奥地利与土耳其之间的一场战争……
The croissant is a widely known and enjoyed kind of pastry made from leavened laminated dough and baked plain or with some sort of filling or topping, most commonly chocolate.
The word itself is translated as “crescent” into English, which is the shape most typically associated with this flaky pastry, although it can be found in other forms as well.
There are countless stories and legends about where this pastry originated and how it was made. In 1683, Vienna (the capital of Austria) was under siege by over a hundred thousand Ottoman Turks. After several months of trying to starve the city into submission, the Turks attempted to tunnel underneath the walls of the city. Fortunately for the entire city, some bakers hard at work in the middle of the night heard the sounds of the Turks digging and alerted the city’s defenders. This advance warning gave the defenders enough time to do something about the tunnel before it was completed. Soon, King John III of Poland arrived at the head of an army that defeated the Turks and forced them to retreat.
To celebrate the end of the siege and the part they had played in lifting it, several bakers in Vienna made a pastry in the shape of the crescents they had seen on the battle standards of the enemy. They called this new pastry the “Kipfel” which is the German word for “crescent” and continued baking if for many years to commemorate the Austrian victory over the Turks in 1683. It was not until 1770 that the pastry came to be known as the croissant.
In that year, Marie Antoinette, a 15-year-old Austrian Princess, married King Louis XVI of France. To honor their new queen, the bakers in Paris made some “kipfels” of their own. The only difference was that they called it by the French word for crescent, “croissant”. The pastry proved as popular in Paris as it had in Vienna and Parisian bakers have been making it ever since as have bakers around the world who learned it from the Parisians.
The flavor of a croissant should be intensely butterywith a natural dairy sweetness. It should not taste like added sugar or be cloying. It should be well-seasoned, but not so salty that you can’t imagine eating it with jam or preserves. The ideal crust should be distinct from the softer interior. It should be extremely flaky and shatter when torn or bitten into. It should be extremely crisp, but not crunchy or tough. Each layer of flaky pastry should virtually melt on the tongue, but not feel greasy in your hands. It should be an even, golden brown color all around.
The interior should be feather-light with many layers. It should be tender and moist but not gummy ordoughy. The layers of dough should show plenty of stretch and separate gently from each other when you pull at them with your fingers.
Today, the croissant is both a symbol of French culture and tradition.牛角面包这种广受欢迎的糕点是对擀成薄片的发酵面团进行烘烤制成，或者是纯面团，或者配上馅料和装饰配料，通常是巧克力。
croissant这个词在英语中译为“新月”，新月形是这种酥饼最普遍的形状，不过也有做成其他形状的牛角面包。
关于这种面包的起源和做法有数不清的故事和传说。1683年，维也纳(奥地利的首都)被一万多名奥斯曼土耳其人围困。他们先是截断粮食来源，逼迫这座城市屈服，几个月后，他们又尝试从城墙下挖地道进行偷袭。幸运的是，一些在夜里工作的面包师听到了地下的动静，并通知了城市的守军。这个情报让守军有足够的时间在隧道完工前挫败了敌人的阴谋。不久，波兰的国王约翰三世带领部队赶到，击败了土耳其人，迫使他们撤退。
为庆祝城市的解围以及他们所起的作用，维也纳的几位面包师制作了一种新月形糕点，这是他们在敌人军旗上看到的图案。他们将这种新糕点命名为“Kipfel”，这是“新月”德语的叫法，之后许多年，它一直被用来庆祝1683年奥地利对土耳其人的胜利。直到1770年，这种糕点才以牛角面包的名字流传开来。
在那一年，15岁的奥地利帝国公主玛丽•安托瓦内特嫁给了法国国王路易十六。为了向新王后致敬，巴黎的面包师制作了他们自己的“新月形面包”。唯一的区别是，他们用“新月”的法语来为之命名，那就是“croissant”。这种糕点在巴黎和在维也纳一样受到欢迎。从此，巴黎的面包师就一直做这种糕点，而全世界的面包师都是从巴黎学会了制作牛角面包的方法。
牛角面包应该是奶油味浓郁，有一种天然奶制品的甜味。它吃起来不应该是感觉加了糖或者甜得腻人。它的味道应该均衡，但不会太咸，无法配着果酱或者蜜饯来吃。理想的牛角面包应该是外焦里嫩。面包皮应该非常酥脆，但是不会嘎吱作响或太硬。面包的每一层应该是入口即化，但是拿在手里又不会觉得太油腻。面包在整体上应呈现一种均匀的金褐色。
面包心应该很轻盈，有很多层。它应该很柔软潮湿，不黏也不软稠。面包的各层应该有足够的延展性，用手去拉时，能够很容易分开。
如今，牛角面包已经成了法国文化也是法国传统的一种象征。
Vocabulary:
leavened 发酵的
laminated 薄片的，层压的
filling 馅料
topping 装饰配料
flaky pastry 酥饼
siege 围攻，围困，围城
advance 预先的，事先的
lift 撤销，解除;结束，停止
buttery 涂有黄油的，有黄油性质的
cloying 倒胃口的，使人感到腻烦的
crunchy 嘎吱作响的
gummy 黏性的
doughy 又软又稠的
托福阅读背景“Borscht罗宋汤”
Borscht, which is sometimes also spelled borsch andborshch, is a lovely vegetable soup that is almost always made with beets. The use of beets in this soup lend the dish a vibrant red color. There are some versions of borscht made without beets. There is an orange borscht, which is made with tomatoes, and a green borscht, which has a sorrel base. However, beet borscht is the most common form of this soup.
Borscht is a very common dish in Germany and Eastern Europe. It is believed that the soup was originally created in the Ukraine and then shared with nearby countries. Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe brought borscht to the United States. Although it is not as popular as chicken noodle or tomato soups, borscht is common in the United States, especially in areas with large Jewish communities.
Beet borscht can be prepared and served in two distinct ways: hot and cold. Hot borscht is a veryhearty soup that includes many vegetables in addition to beets. Vegetables in hot borscht may include cabbage, cucumber, beans, mushrooms, onions, potatoes, and tomatoes. Hot borscht might also be made with meats such as chicken, pork, or beef. Of course, in the Jewish tradition, borscht is never made with pork. Hot borscht is generally more like stew than soup and is often served with dark bread.
Cold borscht is common to the culinary traditions of Ashkenazi Jews. Cold borscht is much thinner than hot borscht and is almost always vegetarian. It is a sweet soup made of beets, onion, a bit of sugar, and lemon juice. Cold borscht is often garnished with adollop of sour cream at the center of the bowl.
Cold borscht is the most common type of borscht served in the United States, because it was this type of borscht that Jewish immigrants brought with them. Borscht is most common on the east coast, especially in New York. In fact, in New York City, there are dozens of diners that serve homemade borscht. If you happen to find yourself in the Big Apple with ahankering for delicious borscht, be sure to take yourself to the Carnegie Deli. While the Carnegie Deli is famous for its triple-decker sandwiches and celebrity clientele, it also serves some of the best borscht in the country.
罗宋汤(Borscht)，有时也拼作borsch和borshch，是一种美味的蔬菜汤，大多数情况下是用甜菜煮成。甜菜让这种汤呈现出一种鲜亮的红色。也有一些版本的罗宋汤不使用甜菜：比如用番茄可以做出橙色的罗宋汤，还有一种绿色的用酸模做成的罗宋汤。但甜菜罗宋汤是最常见的一种。
罗宋汤在德国和东欧很常见的菜肴。据说这种汤起源于乌克兰，后来传到邻国，来自东欧的犹太移民又将它带到了美国。尽管罗宋汤在美国不像鸡汤面条和番茄汤一样受欢迎，但它很常见，尤其是在犹太人聚居的大型社区。
甜菜罗宋汤有冷、热两种不同的烹饪装盘方式。热罗宋汤很是丰盛美味，除了甜菜外，还会加入许多蔬菜，包洋括白菜、黄瓜、豆类、蘑菇、洋葱、土豆和番茄。热罗宋汤也可以加入诸如鸡肉、猪肉或牛肉等肉类。当然，在犹太人的传统中，罗宋汤是从来不放猪肉的。热罗宋汤通常看起来更像炖菜而不是汤，而且常和黑面包一起搭配食用。
冷罗宋汤在德系犹太人的烹饪传统中较常见。冷罗宋汤比热罗宋汤更清淡，而且几乎只有蔬菜。它是用甜菜、洋葱、少许糖和柠檬汁做成的一种甜汤，通常会在碗中间放一块酸奶油作装饰。
冷罗宋汤是美国最常见的一种罗宋汤，因为最初犹太移民带来的就是这种。罗宋汤在东海岸很普遍，尤其在纽约。事实上，在纽约市，有几十家餐馆供应自家所制的罗宋汤。如果你恰好在大苹果(纽约的别称)寻觅美味的罗宋汤，一定要去卡内基熟食店。卡内基熟食店以它的三层三明治和名人主顾而闻名遐迩，那里也供应全美最美味的罗宋汤。
冬天是喝汤的季节，在寒冷的冬夜，喝一碗热乎乎的罗宋汤是保暖的好方法。它会温暖你的心灵和身体，带来更多乐观向上的劲头。
Vocabulary:
dollop: 一团，一块
garnish: 加饰菜于(菜肴)
hankering: 渴望，切望
hearty: 丰盛的，营养丰富的
sorrel: 酸模，属植物
托福阅读背景之“虚拟现实法治疗抑郁症”
阿凡达疗法，是科学家受阿凡达的“化身”技术启发，将虚拟现实用在抑郁症治疗上的一种新型技术。技术的关键是让患者把一个虚拟的自己当成自己的“化身”，让虚拟成人安慰自己，从而摆脱抑郁症的困扰。
Patients wore a virtual reality headset to see from the perspective of a life-size 'avatar' or virtual body. Seeing this virtual body in a mirror moving in the same way as their own body typically produces the illusion that this is their own body. This is called 'embodiment'.
患者头戴一个虚拟现实头盔后， 可看到一个与自己大小一样并动作同步的虚拟形象，会把这个形象看做自己的“化身”，以他/她的视角来看待外物。
While embodied in an adult avatar, participants were trained to express compassion towards a distressed virtual child.
在“化身”为成人阿凡达后，。研究人员让患者通过这个“化身”安慰一个虚拟出来的悲伤男孩，
As they talked to the child it appeared to gradually stop crying and respond positively to the compassion.
在患者与这名男孩交谈后，男孩逐渐不再哭泣，对安慰作出积极回应。
After a few minutes the patients were embodied in the virtual child and saw the adult avatar deliver their own compassionate words and gestures to them.
几分钟后，研究人员让患者把这个虚拟男孩当做自己的“化身”，让虚拟成人安慰虚拟男孩。
This brief eight-minute scenario was repeated three times at weekly intervals, and patients were followed up a month later. Of the 15 participants, nine reported reduced depressive symptoms a month after the therapy.
这个过程持续8分钟，每星期重复3次。一个月后，9名患者症状减轻，其中4名显著减轻。
Virtual reality has also previously been used to treat psychological disorders including phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder, but this research focused on a new application for promoting emotional well-being.
虚拟现实技术此前已被用于治疗多种心理障碍，如恐惧症、创伤后应激障碍等，但此次研究聚焦于改善患者心理健康这一新领域。
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