怎样才能最有效地备考雅思阅读
任何一场考试的成绩，都是实力与临场发挥水平相结合的产物，下面小编给大家带来了怎样才能最有效地备考雅思阅读，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
怎样才能最有效地备考雅思阅读
一、熟悉雅思题型
快速了解、熟悉一门考试的最好方法，莫过于学习、试做此门考试的以往考题，由此来了解题型特点、题目要求、重点难点等。如果事先就对题型有所接触，在考场上自然也就能快速辨认出是什么题目、有什么特征、出题顺序是否与文章行文顺序一致等，也就完全无需再耗费任何多余时间来拖慢自己的读题速度了。
雅思阅读考试的官方题型介绍中一共涉及14种题目类型，分别是：
1. multiple choice(选择题)
2. identifying information (True/False/Not Given类的判断正误题)
3. identifying writer’s views/claims(Yes/No/Not Given类的判断正误题)
4. matching information(信息匹配题)
5. matching headings(段落标题匹配题)
6. matching features(特征匹配题)
7. matching sentence endings(句子结尾匹配题)
8. sentence completion(完成句子填空题)
9. summary completion(摘要填空题)
10. note completion(笔记填空题)
11. table completion(表格填空题)
12. flow-chart completion(流程填空题)
13. diagram label completion(图形填空题)
14. short-answer questions(简答题)
其中的一些题型与国内中高考、四六级的英语试题相似度很高，例如 “摘要填空题”其实类似“完形填空”，给出一段包含若干空格的文字，要求考生根据文意补充完整，唯一的差别只是需要填写原文单词而非从给定的ABCD四项中进行选择。
另一些题型则相对陌生，比如 “特征匹配题”可能会给出四个人名配八个观点选项供考生判定，并不形成一一对应关系;又比如 “判断正误题”在“对”、“错”之外还划出一块“文中未提及”的灰色区域，即Not Given选项，以此考察考生对文章细节的更精准理解。
还有一些类型则貌似熟题而实则不同，比如多项选择题，它出现在国内考试的各种英语试卷中往往令考生深恶痛绝，因为一道题的全部选项必须都选对才算做对这道题;雅思中的多选题则人性化得多：名为多选，实则一道题中要求选几个答案，就算做了几道题。以八选三为例，如果正确答案为ABC而雅思考生选择了ABD，则相当于在三道题中做对了两道，每一个正确选项都是做对了全部40道题中的一员。
二、熟知解题方法
针对不同特征的题目，解题方式各有不同。考生如能事先进行一定练习，熟练掌握解题思路和步骤，上考场时自然也就能够驾轻就熟、快速解答。本文以matching headings这个题型为例，简单说明如下：
Matching headings (即试卷中的List of Headings)题型考察考生总结段落(paragraph)或文章层次(section)大意的能力。
问题位于文章正文的前面，而非像其它题型那样按照以往出题传统跟在正文的后面，考生一定要注意找对位置。
这种题目着眼于段落的主旨大意而不纠结某个句子里的某个细节信息，因此解答的关键步骤在于找准每个段落中的主旨句(topic sentences)。
通常来说，一个规则段落一般都会在开头或结尾处出现主旨大意，所以看段落的开头两句和末尾一句(首二末句)是个办法;但有些段落一共就3、4句话，每个句子特别复杂且包含很多细节，此时最万无一失的办法还是看段落中每个句子的主干而弱化、去掉细节修饰的从句成分，把注意力放在句与句之间的联系、段中各句共同想表达的主题信息上。
三、熟练阅读技巧 (此为重中之重!)
“阅读技巧”完全不同于“解题取巧”。后者主要针对应试，希望利用各种方式(包括猜蒙答案)争取考试效果最优化，可以类比为各路武功中的招式，自然有明光正道也有剑走偏锋;而前者则是应对生活、学习中各种阅读材料的能力，不仅在考试中大大有用，更有助于考生在通过雅思考试之后学习心仪专业、为今后的人生打好知识基础，相当于内功。即使同样的招式，不同内力修为的人使出来也有完全不同的威力效果。
众多考生在考场上都面临“跷跷板”的两难尴尬：在有限的考试时间里，如果匆匆读文做题，则速度上升了但正确率便会大幅度下降;而如果认真阅读每一道题目和原文内容，则正确率得到了提升但却无论如何无法读完三篇文章、答出所有题目。之所以如此难以两顾，究其根本原因，无非是各种不熟。而如果已经通过事先的准备了解了阅读题型、明白了解题方法，却依然考不出满意的分数，则是已触及英语实力提升的根本：仍在一个“熟”字。
熟悉单词、短语者胜。同样面对一个单词，有人要5秒后才能反应过来是什么意思，有人要10秒后才能确认实在不认识，那些3秒内就认出意思的考生自然优胜;同样是面对in terms of(“在……方面”、“就……而言”)这个词组，有人一个一个词看，in认识，terms认识，of也认识，但合在一起却不相熟;另一些人压根儿只认识term是“学期”而不明白在此何解，那些直接理解了短语意群的考生绝对胜出。
对待单词和短语不能只是抱定“死磕”的决心死记硬背，而要通过结合例句和文章来熟悉它们的意义和用法。剑桥真题的阅读文章作为备考材料就非常理想。这些文章和文后的问题绝不会再一模一样地出现在以后的雅思考场上，但其中所用的词汇和短语却反复地一考再考，通过熟读它们来备考，能够取得事半功倍的效果。
熟悉长难句者胜。很多考生都只愿意用剑桥真题做一遍模考，对过答案后就不再理会，而实则此时才刚刚迈出提升实力的第一步。阅读中的长难句比比皆是，看似五花八门、乱花迷眼，实则万变不离其宗，无非是在主谓宾或主系表的基础结构上附加了各种各样的定语从句、状语从句、各种其它从句、插入语等细节补充说明信息而已。第一次接触，考生可能得满头大汗地分析，一个句子花去几分钟甚至更久也是寻常。然而这样分析了以后，留下的印象也必定更加深刻，再见时就会有了一丝熟悉感。同样的过程重复十遍乃至数十遍，在考场上才能有“俯仰顾盼皆熟悉”的从容。
熟悉英语式思维方式者胜。最开始接触英语的时候，每个学习者都会先将英语翻译成中文，借助母语的优势来帮助自己理解，这个做法无可厚非。然而，随着单词、短语的不断积累和对英语长难句式的深入体会，转换思维方式才是最终制胜的途径。否则，在原本已经窘迫的看三篇文章的时间里，考生需要用英文、中文各看一遍，相当于任务量变为了六篇，自然左支右绌难以应付。
雅思阅读想冲刺8.5甚至9分嘛?
首先，雅思考试的性质大家要把握好。
雅思是一个很直接的考试，至少对比起四六级来非常直接。它跟老外的思维一样，直来直去，很少拐弯。所以，对的就是对的，错的就是错的。不用太过纠结。
General tips
1.先读题目，再看文章(特别是看heading题)。相信我，平时训练就需要这样做来提高答题速度。
2.读文章的时候，有选择性的读，首段，其他的段落的第一句和最后一句，必要时可以读第二句和倒数第二句。
3.But后面的永远比but前面的information重要(包括however， yet，while，in fact，oncontrary，nevertheless等转折词)
4.越短的段落越可能需要读全段，越长的段落越可能不需要读全段
5.时间分配每篇20分钟，若某篇文章超过20分钟还没搞定，果断放弃，进行下一篇，有失才有得
6.文章没有标段落说明没有list of headings类型的题目。
7.先做需要通读全文才能做的题目，这样避免重复阅读。大大的提高做题效率，减少做题时间。
Matching 之人物+理论matching tips
1.在人名第一次出现的地方画上横线，并在旁边写下首字母的缩写
2.出现频率越高，理论越多
3.如果某一段没有名字，但有引号，那就是上一段的人的理论
4.先看题，并提取关键字，然后去文章中在人物周围找关键词，锁定理论
5.一个人最多只能有3个理论
6.人物出现的顺序肯定是按照文章的段落顺序来的，要相信这一点。
T/F/NG tips
1.时间不够的话全true
2.对于出现every和only等比较绝对的词汇时很大可能是false
3.注意T/F/NG和Y/N/NG的区别，填写答案注意是哪一种类别，另外，不要简写，不要写T,F,NG和Y,N,NG，要写全称，而且要全大写。这点很重要。
4.题目肯定是按照段落的顺序设置的
5.使用参照物的方法将题干在文章中定位(比如人名，地名，时间，百分比，大写字母)
6.如何区分No和NG:明显抵触的才是No(比如，文中说部分保护，结论是全部保护，这就是冲突等)，推不出来的就是NG(文中较抽象)
7.这类题只可能对于细节题，不可能需要阅读全文信息才能做决定，所以定位以后就能做题，不需要读完全文
8.NG的形式：a,并不存在比较的基础，或者没有比较的意义。所以一旦出现比较，就可以选NG，特别是金钱，男女生的智商的比较等。b,隐形的比较，这些词比如similar，another，thesame as, identical, next隐含比较意义，也可以选NG，还有比较级也是可以选NG的。另外，thelatter也是可以选NG的。c,终极比较，比如形容词最高级很可能选NG
9.7道题出现NG的数目最多为2道。True的数目为2-3.
10.True和false可以通过加not进行反转，但是NG不可反转，因此区分N和NG的一个方法是将原句子加上否定词not，回原文去找对应的话，如果找不到就是NG
11.绝对==不对。题干中出现all时肯定选No，比如这个人赢得了所有的选票这种论断就可以选No。还有unique,only, none, always, never, every，impossible，immediate,invariably, inevitably等词也是可以选no的。
12.还有一种选False的，比如，文章说还还处于试验阶段，题目说已经投入使用。文章说还是理论，题目说已经实践。
13.人们对于负面信息的关注度远远高于正面信息的关注度，所以不可能出现文章中说impossible而题目中说可能，但是如果题目中真的出现表示可能的词的时候，该题肯定选Ture(真理是模棱两可的)，类似的，出现下列词也是can,could, possible, probable, not all, not always，notnecessarily, some，这就是真理性truth。
14.三小题的构成：1T, 1F, 1NG;4个的构成：1T,2F,1NG，或者1F,2T,1NG;5个的构成：2T,2F,1NG或者1T,3F,1NG或者1F,3T,1NG。不可能出现3个NG，因为NG难出题。6个的构成：2T,2F,2NG或者2T,3F,1NG或者2F,3T,1NG。在6道题之下基本上只有一个NG，很少情况2个。7-8道题会出现两个NG。9-10道可以出现3道NG，极少可能4道。
15.偷换概念型的NG。题目说选择清华是因为高质量的教学，题目说是因为清华的名气，这种就属于偷换概念。
16.文章说全部，题目说具体，选NG。
17.雅思不暗示，除非明说，否则需要进行推测的问题都是NG
18.只有同义词转换才能选True。所以NG和False的技巧多一些，做完这些没时间的话剩下的可以全True。
19.很多策略是没有时间的时候用的，记住这一点。
Summary tips
1.对于比较简单的出题(带词库的)，利用语法，根据词性就可以进行选择。但是如果语法不行的话(比如一个空该填名词，但是有三个名词，该填那个?)这时候需要用到逻辑，因为有的单词填出来不合逻辑。
2.有的题目中题库里面的词可能可以使用一次以上。
3.如果词库全部是形容词，则站队—即选择态度即可解决。全部是名词的词库比较难做，几乎不可能通过语法做出来。
4.超级无敌括号法：不带词库型的summary一般要求字数不能超，这时候如果多了一个the，但去掉又会损伤语法的话，可以将the用括号括起来，这就是超级无敌括号法。
Heading tips
1.观察各个heading的关键词(通常是形容词后面的名词，但不能是文章的主题;或者动词)
2.Heading里面没有名词时，缺失的名词是文章的主题词
3.只要能够原词对上的越不可能是对的，越找不到的词越可能要选上
4.双胞胎型选项中间肯定有一个是要选的，看起来不像的(找不到关键词)的可能性会大一些，错误的那个一般会跟文章很像
5.段落短的时候需要全读，读不懂就看例子。
6.做选项的时候可以依据下面的clue。比如时间关系：past，present，future。科技发明发展史七段论：introduction，definition，history，mechanism，application，drawback，future
7.首末段对应，特别是时间关系的。
8.数字对数字，如果heading里面出现statistics和statistical等词的时候找很多数字的段，时间对时间，heading里面出现时间就去找时间段(比如past对应出现1982的段落)，百分比对百分比(都出现了百分比)，金钱对金钱。Commercial，financial，funding，business，subsidies，pension等词就是在谈金钱(老外一般不直接谈钱)，heading谈钱了(出现上述词)，则在文章找出现金钱数字的段落。(ps,multiple choice里面谈钱的选项一般可以直接去掉，因为老外不谈钱)
Completion tips
雅思填空题要注意，填的词一定是文中的词。有这个词才能填出来。
雅思阅读练习题：Why Hollywood refuses actors of color?
Four of the year’s 25 top-grossing movies(票房收入的电影)star a minority in a leading role. All but two had white directors. And the number of minority actors forecasters expect to get Oscar nominations(提名)can be counted on one hand.(有望获得奥斯卡提名的少数族裔演员屈指可数。)
In the year since the Sony Pictures hack exposed racially insensitive emails and cast a spotlight on Hollywood’s diversity problem, movie studios have shown little progress in hiring more people of color for their casts and crews.
The industry is ignoring a gold mine. Every year for the past half-decade, the average white American has bought a ticket to fewer films than the average black, Hispanic or Asian moviegoer, industry data shows. Though 37 percent of the U.S. population, minorities bought 46 percent of the $1.2 billion in tickets sold in the United States last year.
Some of the year’s biggest surprises had diverse actors and small budgets but ended up dominating(控制)the silver screen. For five straight weeks ending in September, movies with predominately(占绝大多数地)black casts topped the box office(票房), including the Christian drama “War Room,” thriller “The Perfect Guy” and rap biography “Straight Outta Compton,” which has made $200 million on a $28 million budget to become the highest-grossing biopic of all time.
More recently, “Creed,” a “Rocky” spinoff starring Michael B. Jordan and directed by Ryan Coogler — both 20-something black men who led the 2013 critical darling “Fruitvale Station” — has triumphed with $72 million at the box office and one of the best opening weekends in the boxing franchise’s(连锁加盟店)40-year history.
High-profile hires of actors such as Jordan in “Creed” and John Boyega in “Star Wars: The Force Awakens” have remained the exception in a Hollywood that has shown only stuttering(结巴的;不持续的)progress over the past year in getting more-diverse talent into blockbuster(大片) roles. (《信念》中用乔丹当演员，以及《星球大战：力量苏醒》用约翰.勃耶加，如此高调的行为在好莱坞仅仅是例外而已。过去的一年中，在使用非白人演员出任大片主角方面，好莱坞没有取得什么大的进展。)
But that lack of diversity, long a social issue, is increasingly becoming a business issue, and analysts say the success of movies such as “Creed” and “Compton” could make a big difference in persuading Hollywood’s dealmakers to better reflect the multicultural country it represents.
“Oftentimes it’s not emotional appeal, it’s the spreadsheet(电子表格;财务报表)that can make the change,” said Paul Dergarabedian, a senior media analyst with industry researcher Rentrak. “Show the empirical evidence. Look at the profitability of all these movies written, directed, produced by African Americans. That’s how you get the attention of Hollywood — or at least the people holding the purse strings.”
For all its grandeur(辉煌), Hollywood is a fiscally conservative industry, and studios and financiers have long proved hesitant to invest tens of millions of dollars into projects backed by filmmakers they do not know. (好莱坞尽管辉煌无比，但涉及到金钱方面却很保守，长期以来，电影公司和投资人都不愿意将数千万美金投入到一些他们不熟悉的制片人支持的项目。)
Very often, the people they know share their skin tone(肤色). In 2013, more than 92 percent of movie studios’ senior executives, 82 percent of film directors and 88 percent of film writers were white, UCLA researchers said.
“When I go to [film studio] offices, I see no black folks except for . . . the security guard,” director Spike Lee said while accepting an honorary Oscar last month at the Governors Awards. “It’s easier to be the president of the United States as a black person than to be the head of a studio.”
That monolithic(整体的;似铁板的)whiteness has created a chicken-and-egg problem: Talented actors and filmmakers of color are routinely shut out because they were never given a chance in the first place.
Over the past year, “my sense is not a lot has changed,” said Darnell Hunt, director of UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies. “The people who control the industry are still very reluctant to take a risk on untested talent — that is to say, people of color.”
Of the top 100 films last year, 73 percent of all characters were white, and only 17 of those movies starred nonwhite lead or supporting actors, University of Southern California researchers found.
Minority audiences, of course, did not flood only minority films: People of color bought more than 60 percent of the U.S. tickets to last year’s “Transformers: Age of Extinction,” a $245 million blockbuster whose cast was almost exclusively white.
The power of minorities’ spending, particularly in movies with more diverse stars and stories, has become impossible to ignore. “Furious 7,” which made more than $1 billion worldwide, pocketed 62 percent of its $350 million gross in the United States from minority moviegoers. Notably, “Compton,” which far outpaced financial projections, counted a box-office audience that was 75 percent nonwhite.
“If you try to be diverse for the sake of being diverse, it’s going to fail,” (如果你是为了多样化而去多样化，你一定会失败)Jeff Shell, the chairman of Universal Filmed Entertainment, the studio behind “Compton,” told Variety last month. “The real reason to do it is that it’s good business. Our audience is diverse.”
The debate over Hollywood diversity sharpened last winter after stolen private emails between Sony Pictures co-chairman Amy Pascal and movie producer Scott Rudin revealed the two joking that President Obama would like only films starring black actors: “I bet he likes Kevin Hart,” Rudin said. Both have since apologized, and Pascal lost her job.
The Academy Awards solidified(加剧) the slight(轻慢)earlier this year when, for only the second time since 1998, no actor of color was named among the Oscars’ 20 acting nominees. Viewers chastised(指责)the Academy with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, and the Oakland Tribune headlined the news “And the Oscar for best Caucasian goes to . . .”
The Golden Globe nominations, unveiled last week, featured a number of nods for minority TV actors but few candidates of color in film. Of the 35 nominees for best director, actor, actress and supporting actor, only three were minorities: director Alejandro González Iñárritu and actors Will Smith and Idris Elba. None of the 10 nominees for best picture were led by minority stars.
The frustrations over Hollywood’s lack of diversity could grow by the time of the next Oscars, hosted in February by comedian Chris Rock, who last year wrote an essay calling Hollywood “a white industry.” When Rock first hosted the show, in 2005, he joked that the Oscars’ four black nominees made it “kind of like the Def Oscar Jam.”
The academy has yet to announce its nominees, but predictions from Oscar handicappers have surfaced only a few minority hopefuls: Elba in “Beasts of No Nation” and Samuel L. Jackson in “The Hateful Eight” for best supporting actor; Smith for best actor in“Concussion”; and Iñárritu for best director for “The Revenant.” Also, “Compton” is a long shot for best picture.
No women of color are in the running to win any of the 10 lead- or supporting-actress Oscar nods this year, a discouraging sign coming shortly after Viola Davis became the first African American woman to win an Emmy as lead actress in a drama, for her role in Shonda Rhimes’s “How to Get Away With Murder.”
“The only thing that separates women of color from anyone else is opportunity,” Davis said in September during her acceptance speech. “You cannot win an Emmy for roles that are simply not there.”
The academy said recently it will launch a five-year plan, called A2020, intended to encourage film executives to hire a more diverse talent base. Academy President Cheryl Boone Isaacs said in September that, although the academy “has no power over Hollywood [and] nothing to do with hiring,” she hoped the plan can get studios and agencies to “widen their normal stream of thought.”
Filmmakers, in turn, have pointed the finger at their financiers. Director Ridley Scott, criticized for casting white actors, including Christian Bale as Moses, in “Exodus: Gods and Kings,” said last year the move was needed to secure the money for his $140 million epic: “I can’t mount a film of this budget . . . and say that my lead actor is Mohammad so-and-so from such-and-such. . . . I’m just not going to get it financed.”
Studios and film crews that did fill roles with actors of color faced resistance this year from angry fans, including over Boyega in his role as a stormtrooper in the new “Star Wars” and Jordan for his “Fantastic Four” role playing a superhero who is white in the original comic-book version.
When big films this year focused on minority characters, many instead filled their spots with white actors. In “Aloha,” for instance, Emma Stone was cast to play a Chinese Hawaiian woman.
After “Gods of Egypt,” a fantasy tale set in the ancient Middle East, was cast with mostly white actors in Egyptian roles, director Alex Proyas apologized, saying that “the process of casting a movie has many complicated variables(变量), but it is clear that our casting choices should have been more diverse.”
“Selma” director Ava DuVernay said the “Gods of Egypt” apology was an “unusual occurrence worth noting” for a casting problem “that happens all the time.” She also said it made her value the minority castings in “Star Wars” and “Creed” even more, tweeting, “We all deserve icons(偶像) in our own image.” (我们大家都有权拥有与自己形象一致的偶像。)
Vocabulary
Top-grossing movies 票房的电影
Nomination 提名
Dominate 统治;控制
Predominately 占统治地位地;绝大多数地
Box office 票房
Franchise 连锁
Stuttering 结巴的;不持续的
Spreadsheet 电子表格;财务报表
Grandeur 辉煌
Skin tone 肤色
Monolithic 整体的;巨大的
Solidify 加剧;加固
Slight 轻慢;稍微的
Chastise 指责;批判
Variable 变量
Icon 偶像
雅思真题重现：
It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native Americans first reached the continent. (剑7T3P2)
参考译文：这同样表明了在三次浪潮中的哪一次，各种现代本地美国人的祖先首先到达这块大陆。
Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else).(剑4T1P2)
参考译文：齿鲸们可以更多地利用频谱，发出多种声音。当然，抹香鲸只会发出一系列单调激烈的咔嗒声。
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial.(剑5T1P1)
参考译文：除了规范混乱的实际需求，字典的热卖与英语人群中中产阶层崛起有着密不可分的联系，他们渴望通过定义和限制来征服丰富多彩的世界——不只是词汇这一领域，还有社会和商业。
However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.(剑6T3P2)
参考译文：但是，值得提起的是，高独立性、变化性以及责任感的工作并不能激励每一个人。
There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. (剑5T4P3)
参考译文：对光强度的变化，植物可对其作出多种光合作用的反应。
An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein - immunoglobin G - found in the fluid portion of human blood.(剑7T3P2)
参考译文：由生物人类学家罗伯特•威廉姆斯领导的一项重要工程把研究点聚焦在了免疫球蛋白G变体(又叫做免疫球蛋白同种异型Gm )上——在人类血液流体中可以找到这种变本。
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