该如何突破GRE长阅读

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该如何突破GRE长阅读呢

1. 你知道 GRE 的阅读文章都是怎么来的吗?

GRE 阅读文章来源是已经发布的论文,所以体裁上都是「议论文」,符合议论文三要素特点,包含论点、论据和论证。只不过这些原始的论文篇幅都很长(几千甚至上万词),ETS 的出题者们需要对其进行加工,浓缩成 100-400 词的文章。论文的篇幅短了,但其中的逻辑关系得以保留,而且还有可能通过句式的转换变得更复杂。

针对上述出题改写文章的过程和想要达到的目的,ETS 官方发布的一篇研究报告(“Electronic Sources as Input to GRE Reading Comprehension Item Development: Source Finder Prototype Evaluation”)中有具体说明:

Reading comprehension passages generally rely on some kind of “tension” to give them difficulty. A discussion or argument that develops in a linear fashion toward a conclusion is usually too simple to support challenging items. The requisite tension can take various forms: a conflict between different or opposing arguments about something, an unexpected finding that challenges previously established ways of understanding something, a disagreement about what evidence is relevant to the solution of a particular problem, etc. But disagreement or contrast or opposition is not in itself enough to provide the tension: a passage that merely states or describes opposing positions, without discussing in much detail the reasoning behind them, will not support very many or very complex items. For example, instead of saying that Brown believed X and Smith believed Y, a passage might tell us that Brown, heavily influenced by such-and-such school of thought, tended to assume A, and therefore believed X. Smith, on the other hand, had access to information that Brown did not have, namely B and C, and this information led Smith to conclude Y. However, Smith interpreted B in such a way that it seemed logical to conclude Y, when in fact this interpretation was ill founded. The more interdependent details, the more logical twists and turns, the better. Naturally, a passage containing this kind of density can only be created from a source that provides the requisite information, and such sources are not easy to find.

我们重点看加粗的内容:

GRE 阅读文章内在有一种“张力”(tension),体现在观点的对立、对已有观点/研究方法的挑战、对已有解决方案的质疑等。

GRE 阅读文章追求观点的多样和其中关系的复杂,所有元素都是相互关联的,不存在独立的个体。为了解释这个特点,上文中还举了一个例子:GRE 阅读文章不会简单地罗列「Brown 相信 X,Smith 相信 Y」,这样的线性关系太简单了。相反,文章可能会说「Brown 以 A 为前提,得出结论 X;Smith 借助 B 和 C,得出结论 Y,但事实上 Smith 由 B 推 Y 是错误的」。通过这个例子中的对比我们可以看出,GRE 阅读文章中的元素不仅多,而且关系复杂,我们不仅要知道这些元素是什么,还要搞清楚它们相互间的关联。

2. GRE 阅读到底在考我们什么能力?

针对这个问题,官方也有一段说明非常经典:

Reading Comprehension questions are designed to test a wide range of abilities that are required in order to read and understand the kinds of prose commonly encountered in graduate school… reading and understanding a piece of text requires far more than a passive understanding of the words and sentences it contains; it requires active engagement with the text, asking questions, formulating and evaluating hypotheses and reflecting on the relationship of the particular text to other texts and information.

这段文字涵盖了 GRE 阅读考查的两项能力:

读句子的能力:即单词认识,基本语法也知道,能够读懂基本的句子含义。

理关系的能力:在读文章的过程中,能够梳理出句子之间的逻辑关系(如因果、对比、递进等),而且能够对下文内容作出预测,并且不断修正自己的预测,从而形成对文章整体结构的把握。

这样问题就逐渐明晰了,想要读懂一篇 GRE 文章,仅仅能看懂句子的语义是不够的,更重要的是能够梳理出句间逻辑关系,从而把握文章的逻辑主线。如果做不到第二点,在具体做题目的时候,就算我们能够根据关键词定位到原文,但如果搞不清楚其中的逻辑关系,依然做不对题,这个后面会结合真题具体展开说。

3. 到底怎么读文章最有效?

想要为接下来做题做好准备,在一开始读文章的时候,要遵循四个原则:

提取核心概念

梳理逻辑关系

判断论点视角

预测下文要点

我们结合一篇真题文章给大家做具体说明。在看讲解之前,建议你先读一下这篇文章,然后自己试着梳理下其中的逻辑主线。(建议用时 1 分钟)

Many critics of Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a romantic reading receives more confirmation. Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel’s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel’s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet.

读完了吗?

如果没有经过系统的训练,相信大多数人读完这篇文章后,印象最深的是专有名词和自己不认识的单词,也就是下面这些加粗的内容。

Many critics of Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a romantic reading receives more confirmation. Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel’s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel’s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet.

这些内容都是散的,对于抓取文章逻辑主线一点用处也没有,你可能还会因为有生词影响语义理解而大惊失色。这里插一句,其实 GRE 阅读是允许有 5% 的生词的,这就意味着一篇 100 词的文章有 5 个生词是很正常的,千万不要因为有生词而心慌。当然了,退一步讲,词汇量越大、生词越少当然是好事,只是不要将这个目标作为攻克 GRE 阅读的关键。关键还应该是对「文章逻辑主线」的把握,我们一句句解读。

1 Many critics of Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

critic 认为,WH 前后两部分不一样(第一部分可以从浪漫主义角度解读)

读完第 1 句,我们要敏感的捕捉到上述核心概念。就算 Emily Brontë、WH 你不知道是什么也没关系(其实后面有说 WH 是一本小说)。掌握了核心概念,进一步的话,你还可以推断第二部分肯定不是浪漫主义的解读,至于到底是什么我们不知道,下文可能会解释。这样就对下文内容有了预测。

2 Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel’s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts.

因为结构,所以把小说的两部分看作一个整体。

这句话中存在因果逻辑关系,小说的 structure 让人将小说看作是 whole。至于 sophisticated 这个单词,如果不认识其实关系不大,因为它是修饰 structure 的,不影响对句子核心的把握。同样的道理,后面的 complex use of narrators and time shifts 属于文学领域的专业概念,不知道是什么意思也没关系,只要知道这也是修饰 structure 的就可以。

3 Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.

结构和 HJ 的创作类似。

这句话在逻辑线上没有向前推进,还是在说小说的结构可以将不同的部分看作一个整体。但要注意,核心概念的英文表达有更新,本句的 construction 对应前文的 structure,unify 对应前文的 whole,在这个语境中,这两组属于逻辑上的同义词。(GRE 阅读文章中永远存在这种在逻辑上同义的情况,如果你能识别出来,这样就算你只认识其中一个单词,也能根据逻辑推断出另一个的含义。例如这句话中的 heterogeneous 这个单词,相信大多数人都不认识。但我们知道它是修饰 parts 的,这样就对应到前面的 two parts,进而推断出 heterogeneous 还是在说“不同的”部分。)

至于 authorial awareness 到底从专业上是什么意思,HJ 到底是谁其实并不重要,只要我们知道这句话的核心是说结构和 HJ 的创作类似,结构让我们可以将小说不同部分看作整体。

4 However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel’s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing.

但是整体的解读不让人信服。

在 GRE 阅读中,however 是最关键的逻辑关系标志词,没有之一。它表明前后内容存在对比,且后面的内容是重心。(此外,这句话的观点发生转折,但没有明说观点的视角是谁,这种情况都默认是作者本人,所有的 GRE 阅读文章都适应。)读完这句话,我们就可以推测,既然作者反对「整体」的解读方式,那后面很有可能会给出持这一观点的依据。

elements 和前面的 parts 是逻辑上的同义词,diverse 和前面的 heterogeneous、two 也是逻辑上的同义词。

5 This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet.

WH 有某种力量,所以不能从整体去解读。

undeniable 是修饰力量(power)的,不认识不用在意。recalcitrant 修饰 elements,所以和前面的 diverse、heterogeneous、two 是逻辑上的同义词。这种力量"反对"(resist)all-encompassing 的解读方式,说明 all-encompassing 就是前面所说的“看作整体”的解读方式,这样就算这个单词不认识也知道其含义,这就是理清逻辑关系的魅力。

另外这句话还有两个核心概念之外的信息:1)整体的解读对所有小说都是有害的;2)WH 有某种力量拒绝整体解读,这一点和 Hamlet 类似。

结合上面的讲解,我们读完一篇文章之后,就能够提炼出下述核心概念和逻辑关系:

Many critics of Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a romantic reading receives more confirmation. Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel’s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel’s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet.

由此可知,这篇文章的逻辑主线是:就 WH 这本小说的不同部分能不能看作一个整体,批评家和作者观点对立,且各有依据(structure vs power)。

怎么做对题?

1. 所谓题型是个伪命题

很多人会将 GRE 阅读的题目划分成不同的题型:主旨题、细节题、推断题、结构题、态度题、词汇题……这种划分虽然有一定道理,但并不实用,因为考场上时间宝贵,难道做题时先要判断题目类型吗?难道不同的题目类型对应不同的解法吗?

GRE 阅读要求考生根据已有信息做选择或简单推理(evidence-based reading),始终保持客观,不能主观发散,所有的题目(不管什么题型),都要遵循这个基本逻辑。在这个基础上,能够针对所有题型的、简单有效的通用解题步骤如下:

读题:提炼题干关键词。

定位:根据题干关键词定位到原文。

预测:根据原文内容预测答案方向。

比较:挨个读选项,选出和预测内容最接近的选项。

切记做题不要凭印象,一定要回归原文,明确选择依据后再做选择。我们做一下前面已经讲解过的文章的配套题目。还是建议自己先做一做,有选择后再看后面的解析。(每题建议用时 1 分钟)

Question 1

According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?

A The second part has received more attention from critics.

B The second part has little relation to the first part.

C The second part annuls the force of the first part.

D The second part provides less substantiation for a romantic reading.

E The second part is better because it is more realistic.

读题:对 WH 两部分的描述。

定位:原文第一句,Many critics of Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a romantic reading receives more confirmation. 这句提到两件事:1)WH 前后两部分不一样;2)第一部分可以从浪漫主义角度解读。

预测:正确选项要符合上述两件事,或者能够根据上述两件事做出推理。

比较:

A 选项:批评家的“关注”(attention)在原文没有提到,不选。

B 选项:两部分“没有关系”(little 表示否定含义)和原文不符,原文说的是两部分不一样(counterpart),是对比关系不是没有关系,不选。

C 选项:第二部分“削弱”(annuls)第一部分的力量,在原文没有依据,不选。

D 选项:第二部分不能从浪漫主义角度解读,和原文一致,正确选项。其实做到这里,就可以非常自信的选出答案,最后一个选项可以不看,考场时间就是这么节省下来的。只要文章读懂了,做题目应该有这个自信,不管正确选项出现在 D 位置还是 A 位置。但如果心里没底,剩下选项也可以看看,不过时间肯定是需要的,这是个权衡取舍的问题,要自己拿捏。

E 选项:第二部分可以从“现实主义”(realistic)角度解读,根据原文我们只能推出第二部分不可以从浪漫主义解读,而除了浪漫主义还有很多其他的文学流派(如现实主义、现代主义、古典主义、超验主义、自然主义……),不能判断出一定是现实主义,所以不选。

不只是阅读,所有 GRE 科目都需要考生拥有「收敛逻辑」。

例如,“喜欢”的反义词不是“讨厌”而是“不喜欢”(包含“讨厌”和“没感觉”两种状态)。

再如,根据 B>A,我们只能推导出 A

Question 2

The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that an interpretation of a novel should

A not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel

B not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements in the novel

C not argue that the complex use of narrators or of time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure

D concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that are outside the novel’s main structure

E primarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of which the author of the novel was aware

读题:作者认可哪种读小说的方式。(注意题干中说的是 a novel,说针对所有小说的通用方式,没有特指 WH。)

定位:既然观点视角是 author,对应原文就应该是从 however 开始的后半部分内容。而且题干说的是对小说的通用解读方式,对应到最后一句前半部分 ...such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger)... 即不管是什么小说,作者都反对“僵化”(stiffens/rigidity)的解读方式。

预测:作者反对僵化的解读,选项应和这个说法一致。

比较:只有 B 选项“不要死板”(not be inflexible )符合预测,为正确选项。A 选项虽然是作者的观点,但只是针对 WH 这一本小说说的,不符合题干问法。CDE 三个选项侧重“结构”(structure/construction,和批评家的观点相关,和作者无关,所以不选。

判断观点的视角对于快速准确做题非常重要。就像这道题,CDE 三个选项就算说法正确,在原文能找到依据,但都属于批评家的观点,而题干问的是作者的观点,所以可以直接排除。

Question 3

The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Hamlet?

A Hamlet has usually attracted critical interpretations that tend to stiffen into theses.

B Hamlet has elements that are not amenable to an all-encompassing critical interpretation.

C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassing critical interpretation than is Wuthering Heights.

三个选项的题目属于不定项选择题,正确答案数量不定,可能一个,可能两个,也可能三个都对,所以选项必须都读,挨个判断。

读题:作者对 H 的态度。

定位:原文最后一句:...Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet. 这句话是说 WH 的某种力量拒绝整体解读,这一点和 H 一样。

预测:H 也有某种力量拒绝整体解读,正确选项必须包含这层含义。

比较:

A 选项:评论家对 H 的解读是僵化的。原文中只说了评论家对 WH 的解读,没有说对 H 的解读,所以不选。

B 选项:H 不能被整体解读,和预测一致,正确选项。

C 选项:H 和 WH 相比,更不能被整体解读。原文提到 H 和 WH 是“类比关系”,两者都不能被整体解读,而不是“比较关系”,没有比较孰多孰少、孰优孰劣,所以不选。

2. 正确和错误选项特点

了解选项特点可以帮我们更快速做判断。

常见正确选项特点:

直接引用原文:例如上面第 3 题的 B 选项,an all-encompassing critical interpretation 属于原文表达。

同义改写原文:例如上面第 2 题的 B 选项,inflexible 和原文 stiffens/rigidity 属于逻辑上的同义词,意思一致。

总结概括原文:例如上面第 1 题的 D 选项,The second part provides less substantiation for a romantic reading 就是对原文第一句话的总结。

常见错误选项特点:

无中生有:即原文没有提到相关概念。例如上面第 1 题的 A 选项,批评家的“关注”(attention)在原文没有依据。

曲解原文:即选项内容在原文中有提到,但意思和原文不完全一致,被移花接木了。例如上面第 3 题的 C 选项,原文有提到对 H 的解读,但 H 和 WH 是“类比关系”,两者都不能被整体解读,而不是“比较关系”。

有极端词:常见的极端词有 all, only, always, little 等,把话说死了的选项都有慎重。例如上面第 1 题的 B 选项,The second part has little relation to the first part,认为两部分“没有关系”(little 表示否定含义),而原文说的是两部分不一样(counterpart),是对比关系不是没有关系。

背景知识重要吗?

先说结论:背景知识不能「雪中送炭」,但可以「锦上添花」。

ETS 明确说 GRE 不考专业知识,只考读句子、理关系的能力,所以即使没有专业知识也是可以做对题目的。但要注意“专业知识”不同于“背景知识”,以历史为例,诸如美国独立战争的起因经过结果、其中颁布的各种法案文献、涉及的历史人物和贡献等等,对于美国考生来说是通识,是他们从小就学就会的,但对于我们国际考生来说,就是深深的文化隔阂了。所以如果能够打破这层隔阂,自然有助于我们做对题目。

那么,应该补哪些背景知识呢?严格来说没有限制,多多益善。不过考虑到中国的 GRE 考生以理工科为主,文科类的背景知识(特别是美国历史和英美文学)是软肋,所以可以多侧重这两方面补补。

1. 美国历史

美国历史 300 多年,其实也挺复杂,如果你有时间有兴趣能够通读一遍美国历史自然是好。除了读书,也可以看视频,前几年美国政府出资拍摄了一部美国历史纪录片,名字叫做《美国:我们的故事》(America: The Story of Us),一共 12 集,制作精良,值得一看。(美国历史纪录片百度云盘链接,密码:dqxz)

如果时间紧张,可以侧重美国历史的这三条主线:

政府与公民权:特别是美国建国阶段,美国建国之父们是怎么争取美国殖民地独立的,颁布了哪些建国文档。

黑人民权运动:从 19 世纪美国内战,到林肯颁布《解放黑人奴隶宣言》,再到 20 世纪马丁·路德·金的民权运动反对种族歧视和种族隔离。

女性平权运动:从 19 世纪末争取选举权和被选举权,到 20 世纪反对性骚扰和性暴力,再到 21 世纪争取同工同酬。

2. 英美文学

文学主题就不限于美国了,英国的也很多,可以一起看看。要注意 GRE 阅读不直接考文学文本,而是对文本的研究,也就是“文学批评”(literary critic)。英语文学历史悠久,学习的思路可以侧重时间推移下不同文学流派的变迁,知道这些流派产生的历史背景、核心诉求和代表作家作品。重点关注下面几个流派:

文艺复兴(Renaissance)

浪漫主义(Romanticism)

现实主义(Realism)

超验主义(Transcendentalism)

自然主义(Naturalism)

现代主义(Modernism)

我们上面举得 Wuthering Height 的例子,这其实是英国作家勃朗特三姐妹中的老二——艾米丽·勃朗特——的代表作《呼啸山庄》,是英语文学中的代表作品,对于英美考生算是耳熟能详。第一题就涉及 romanticism 和 realism 两个概念,我们前面解析说到,原文说小说的第二部分不能从 romanticism 的角度解读,但选项就生硬的说要从要从 realism 的角度解读,如果你对这些文学流派有所了解,知道不只有 romanticism 和 realism 两种解读方式,自然更容易做出判断

GRE双语阅读:英国戏剧痴迷社会阶层主题

Class on stage——Charlie and the aspiration factory

社会舞台上的社会阶层:查理和巧克力工厂

Why British theatre is obsessed with social mobility

为何英国戏剧如此痴迷社会流动性主题

THERE are several ways of retelling “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory”. In 2005 Hollywood focused on Willy Wonka, the factory's owner, portraying him as a purple-gloved man-child. A new musical production of Roald Dahl's children's story at the Theatre Royal in London concentrates on the up-from-poverty fortune of Charlie Bucket, the boy who finds the golden ticket. Mr. Wonka lurks in beggar's dress at the side of the stage, as if selecting a specimen for a social experiment.

《查理和巧克力工厂》有好多个复述版本。2005年的好莱坞版从工厂主威利·王卡下手,剧中他是一位带着紫色手套,充满孩子气的男子。伦敦皇家剧院新上演的罗尔德·达尔儿童故事音乐剧则侧重于表现穷孩子查理发现金券,脱贫的经历。在该剧中,王卡衣着褴褛如乞丐隐藏着自己的身份,好似要选一个标本做社会实验。

Tales of upward social mobility attempted or achieved are crowding the London stage. “Billy Elliott”, the story of a miner's son who contends with bereavement, strikes and the north-south divide to make it as a ballet dancer, recently celebrated its four-millionth visitor. “Port”, an account of a Stockport girl's attempts to escape her grim origins, was a success at the National Theatre this spring. Last year “In Basildon” depicted strivers in the quintessential upwardly-mobile Essex town.

伦敦舞台上充斥着各种尝试或成功转为上流社会的故事。舞动人生,最近刚迎来它四百万访问者,它讲述的是一个关于一个矿工儿子不顾家人的反对,社会罢工及南北的分裂,毅然选择成为芭蕾舞者的故事。Port,关于一个斯托克波特女孩试图摆脱其悲惨出身的故事,在国家剧院热映取得巨大成功。去年上映的《在巴斯尔顿》描述的是一群奋斗者在埃塞克斯镇—一个典型的向上爬人群的小镇。

It is a venerable theatrical (and literary) theme, but it is being handled in a different way. John Osborne's 1956 play “Look Back in Anger” showed a working-class man's fury at the middle class he had married into. By the 1970s and 1980s writers were looking down their noses at social climbers, in plays like “Top Girls” and “Abigail's Party”, in which a middle-class arriviste serves cheesy nibbles and the wrong kind of wine.

这是个可敬的戏剧艺术主题,它却以不同的方式呈现出来。约翰·奥斯本的1956年的剧本《愤怒中回顾》呈现的是一个通过婚姻,一个工人阶级转变为中产阶级,处于中产阶级他的不满与愤怒。20世纪七八十年代,作家们着眼于眼前的向上爬的社会群体,戏剧《巅峰女孩》,《阿比盖尔的政党》中产阶级暴发户就像低劣的老鼠,不合时宜的红酒。

Social mobility receded as a topic for a while, as playwrights like David Hare turned to scrutinizing the state of the nation. Now it has returned—and is depicted much more sympathetically. Dominic Cooke, who directed “In Basildon” at the Royal Court Theatre, says this may be a delayed reaction to the collapse of state socialism in Europe. Left-wing writers can no longer look to an alternative ideal. Instead they focus on how people navigate British society.

当剧作家诸如戴维海尔等转身开始审视国情,向上层社会爬的话题才稍微退热。而今,这个话题又成为热议,并且现在更多地是表现出一种同情。在皇家宫廷剧院上演的戏剧《在巴斯尔顿》的导演多米尼克这样说道,这也许是国家社会主义在欧洲崩溃的延迟效应。左派作家无法寻求到另一个理想,于是他们将目光投向人们如何操纵英国社会。

A possible reason for the sympathetic tone is that upward mobility can no longer be taken for granted. In 2011 researchers at the London School of Economics concluded that intergenerational social mobility, assessed by income for children born between 1970 and2000, had stalled. Another study, by Essex University academics, found matters had not improved during the slump.

也许出现这种同情的语调还有另一个原因,那就是向上层社会爬不再是种理所当然的想法。2011年,伦敦经济学院的调查人员通过评估1970至2000年为孩子存储的收入,总结道:两代人的社会流动性停滞不前。另一项由埃塞克斯大学学者进行的研究发现各项问题并没有在经济衰退期得到改善。

So it is fantastic fun to see people make it. Charlie Bucket does so spectacularly. At the end of “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” he is a pint-size entrepreneur, with an immigrant workforce of Oompa-Loompas to ensure he does not tumble back down the social ladder.

所以看看人们演绎它也很有趣。查理令人啼笑皆非。 在“查理和巧克力工厂”的结局,他是一个小型的企业家,有一群奥古伦伯人在巧克力工厂工作,以确保他永远不会从社会的楼梯中跌落下来。

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