托福写作的分段技巧解析

为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，小编给大家整理一些托福写作小技巧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福写作如何轻松变换句式

1.变换句子的开头结构

名词做主语

介词短语作状语

副词作状语

状语从句

分词短语作状语

形容词短语作状语

主语从句

不定式短语做主语或状语

动名词做主语

To begin with, even in such areas as computer science, where it is estimated that much of what a student earns today wi be obsoete in just five years, an advanced degree and the education it represents wi continue to be of benefit. Unike undergraduate education, which is divided into a number of sma educationa units every term, post-baccaaureate education is concentrated on deeper earning in fewer areas. Moreover, most graduate education requires extended, critica focus on compex issues or research projects. And even if the technica information reevant to competing a graduate-eve project becomes outmoded, the earned critica methods and probem-soving approaches wi not.

2. 使用不同的句型结构

Today’s education system paces too much emphasis on students’ desires rather than their needs. Accordingy, students are searching for the easy way out, and educators are wiingy conspiring with them. As opposed to this trend, I woud argue that students shoud study what is presented to them rather than what is desired by them. Not ony shoud educators determine the curricuum, but aso they shoud strive to insure that each individua student truy gains from his/her education, rather than just breezes through it.

托福写作的分段技巧解析

开头段

开头段主要用以下几种方法来组织，即背景法(Background)， 争议法(Controversy)，提问法(Question)，故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。

以背景法为例。背景法一般会提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象作为背景 或者是由远到近，由大到小地谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景。背景法开头段的结构通常如下：背景(1-3句)+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过度+(正方观点)+作者的观点+作者的理由。以2007年8月11日的独立写作试题为例：Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 题目涉及到了现今社会比较热门的话题---科技。这样，我们就可以以这种社会比较关注的现象作为我们作文的开头背景。因此这个题目的首段就可以这样开始：Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient。第一句话就是一句紧贴社会的背景，这样写不但很容易打开考生自己的思路，抓住作文的焦点，还能引起考官的共鸣。

中间段落

中间段落的文章结构通常如下：Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平时能熟练运用这样的一个结构来展开作文，那么考场上就会凭借这份思维定势来帮助自己抓住每一分。中间三个段落都可以套用这种模式。

Transitional words主要有以下三种，即表顺序：firstly, secondly, finally (last but not least);表并列：besides, in addition;表对比：in contrast, in comparison。这些衔接词会让文章看起来脉络清晰，组织严密，也就做到了评分标准中的“well-organized”一条。

主题句，顾名思义，向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中间段落中的作用是至关重要的。通常主题句应该注意一下几点：

1.主题句必须是陈述句。有的考生想在写作中创新，于是采用反问句或者其他看似多样化的题目，然而这种多样性带来的后果是给考官观点不明确的印象，很自然地会影响到分数。

2.必须表明观点。如果考生把一句无关痛痒的话放在主题句的位置上，很显然无法表明自身观点。比如像“今天是晴天”这样的话没有表明观点;然而 “今天是个好天气”就包含一种感情色彩在里面，给人一种立场明确的感觉。考生应该切记：没有反驳余地的就不可以作为主题句。

3.态度必须坚决。但是不能极端。

4.每段必须有主题句，理论上讲没有主题句是可以的，但是考场上不可以，没有主题就会浪费考官的时间去帮你总结主题，然而繁忙的考官是不会那么善良地去分析你的题目来抓取你的观点的。

至于中间段落的展开(development)则需要大家学习积累一些常用的段落展开方法，比如举例法、比较法、因果法等。

结尾

文章结尾段落虽然并不像开头和中间段落那样重要，然而没有结尾的文章是不完整的，不符合基本写作要求。所以考生在考场上一定要在结尾处再次声明自己观点(restatement)， 或者提出新的希望，或者提出解决问题的方案，从而让考官有一种善始善终的良好印象。如果考生能做到以上几点，那么我们的作文构思就是比较成功了。

托福写作句型的使用技巧

我们看看下边的几个例句：

1. Knowledge will never lie。

知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。

这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法，赋予了knowledge生命，形象化了知识的严谨性，同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。

2. That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。

那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。

这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法，人性化了Information这个词，come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。

3. Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life。

自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色

这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定，用以加强肯定的成分。

托福写作考试的讲解

经常看到学生的作文整体语言简单，或者偏口语化，却掺杂了数个SAT阅读词汇，读来别扭——也就是学生粗浅地知其大概中文意思，但根据中文意思再放到写作里头便出现了不和谐，甚至是完全错误的用法。曾经还教到过一个学生，其独立写作开头和结尾让我觉得回到了历史，不仅能看出是生搬硬套，而且比较别扭。一问，果然两段分别改自莎士比亚《暴风雨》选段及英译荷马史诗。其实，该生的语言天赋和功底都很好，但在追求高分的过程中走入了误区。一个是语言风格上的混合错误：正式语言与非正式语言反差过大，现代英语中掺杂古英语或旧式英语;另一个是词语搭配错误。这亦是中国学生普遍的问题所在。

我们一定要注意到，托福写作是应用写作(practical writing)，非创造性写作(creative writing)，即考察学生的语言表述能力，而不是文学创作能力。无论是综合写作还是独立写作，考生追求的基本目标是把想说的意思用书面英语表达清楚，让阅卷人读懂和明白。从语言角度来说，有两大标准，即准确性和多样化。能够达到词词准确，又使用到不同的词句来表达相同、相似的意思，从语言角度来说已经符合托福考试的高分要求。

先来说说准确性。譬如这样一个句子：My writing ability increased by reading many books. 拆开来看，每个英文单词对应的中文意思是对的。但存在一个问题，ability和increase是不搭配的。任何一个单词，都不能单纯地说用得好不好。语言是讲究搭配的，简单常见的词只要搭配合适，放置合适的语境，依然可以锻造完美的句子。这个道理和穿衣混搭是一样的。穿着漂亮不在于单品是如何大牌如何昂贵，而在于款式质地的和谐，以及最后的上身效果。在这个句子中，increase表示增加的意思，主要表示数量的增加。尽管有时也能表示程度的增进，但这里和ability的搭配是不正确的。一般我们说develop one's ability，也可以说improve one's ability. 因此，这句话得修改成My writing ability developed by reading many books. 当然还可以修改得更地道一些。后半句想表达“阅读”，学生一般的习惯是把“读”和“书”全部翻译出来。注意，写作是表达，不是翻译。这么写固然是对的，还不够理想。我们进一步把句子修改成My writing ability developed by reading much. 从表达效果来讲，已经“达”了，考生想表述的意思和阅卷人读到的意思完全吻合。当然句子可以再继续修改得更加豪华，本文暂不赘述。

那么，词语的搭配如何检验呢?在各种班型的培训课程中，老师固然会提到一些典型搭配。但更为重要的是考生自己掌握检验的方法。我个人比较推荐Oxford Learner's English Collocation Dictionary(《牛津学生英语搭配词典》)，其中的语料来源和实用性都比较好。

关于多样化，举个最普遍的例子：“more and more”这个短语几乎是每个中国学生都使用过的短语。我看到过太多学生的独立写作文章，三四百字的短文里出现了四五次。有学生在开头段便使用了三次。学生重复使用该短语是可以理解的，一个是熟悉，再来字数似乎上去了。其实，稍加思考便知道，如此做法反而在文章开头便向阅卷人暴露了弱处。因此这种不顾语言质量的“凑字数”方法是不可取的。

如何解决语言单一的问题?平日积累是必不可少的。而积累的最好方法就是阅读和仿写。阅读的材料有几大注意点：一、选择现代英语，简而言之，选择至少五十年以内的材料。读莎翁很好，但忌讳盲目模仿。二、题材上尽量选择essay(散文、评论性文章、短文尤佳)。不少学生喜欢看Twilight之类的的幻想小说，这对培养阅读兴趣和语感很好，但对托福写作的帮助不直接。Twilight之类属于创造性写作，即文学写作，其语境和托福考试需要的议论文有很大差别，即便学到很炫的词句，但恐无用武之地。

托福写作的全面解答

本文分为三个部分：其中Independent Writing Task 9个问题，Integrated Writing Task 6个问题，以及牵涉全局写作的3个问题。

Independent Task

Q: Independent Writing Task有没有题库?

A: 没有，但是可以借鉴TWE的题库。

"You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT." [OG, P267]

Q: 准备Independent Writing Task需不需要专业知识?

A: "None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based on the common experience of people in general and students in particular." [OG, P267]

Q: 写作的时候，观点重不重要?

A: "It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions." [OG, P267]

"I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]

"Creativity is not necessary." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]

Q: 是否可以通过增加深刻的逻辑和复杂的例子来掩盖或者弥补语言能力的不足?

A: 不可以。

"If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be." [OG, P260]

而且从例子的选择上讲，并不要求使用庞大、复杂的例子，尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不依据论据的复杂性来看文章。

"Personal experiences are common." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]

Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)来写作?

A: 那要看你怎么定义"模板"这个词。如果"模板"指的是段落结构和文章结构，那没有任何问题，比如"五段式结构"可能会一直是TOEFL文章最好的写法。但如果"模板"是指背下来的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何题目上的段落内容，那就千万不要这样做。

Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:

"The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application."

"In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding."

Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:

"At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution." [OG, P259]

"I think you could use it as long as it is on topic." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]

Q: 阅卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?

A: Your ability

to respond directly to the question;

to take a clear position; and

to write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.

[Workshop Manual, P26]

Q: 5分和4分最大的区别在哪里?

A: "Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed." [Teacher's Manual]

Q: 词汇和句式是不是越复杂越好?

A: 词汇和句式需要一定的复杂性。

"Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas." [OG, P260]

但是，不是越复杂越好。

就词汇而言，关键是表达的准确性。请参看OG第287页的满分范文1，评语中有这样一句话：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同时请参看Workbook第57页的范文，同样没有big words，也是满分。

就句式而言，关键是表意准确、流畅且能够变化。但为了达到变化或者准确表达复杂意思的目标，出现一些复杂的句式是很正常的。但一味追求复杂是没有意义的。

Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?

A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions.只要能把意思表达清楚，并把问题回答好了，就行了。参见OG第288页满分范文2，评语中这样写道：the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions ("Let's assume," "we would all agree," "can make or beak," "come in very handy").

Integrated Task

Q: 阅读文章和听力文章中共有几种可能的关系?

A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.

a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.

b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.

c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.

[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]

目前考的都是Contrast题目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，预计在不久的将来也不会有太大变化。根据ETS高级专员(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的说法，目前题库中还没有出过关于support的题目("Comparison is not available now.")，所以建议大家主要针对contrast题目进行训练，偶尔也可以用朗文的光盘训练一下solution的写法。

Q: 阅读文章和听力文章之间一般会有几点相关联?

A: "Typically the main idea will be developed with three points." [OG, P252]

Q: 文章中可不可以出现自己对所谈问题的看法?

A: "Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading." [OG, P253]

Q: 写作的时候可不可以照搬阅读和听力中的原话?

A: 总的来讲，照搬原文是不可以的。关键词可以不变，但是整体内容必须被paraphrase出来，特别是阅读材料里面的内容。

"In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn." [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]

"Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed." [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]

Q: 5分和4分的区别在哪里?

A: "A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately." [Workshop Manual, P45]

Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的区别在哪里?

A: "The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture." [Workbook, P7]

"Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast." [Workbook, P11]

"Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused." [Workshop Manual, P46]

All Writing Tasks

Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在评分程序上有什么区别?

A: 总的来讲，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合评分标准上的所有要求才能评为高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合评分标准的某一条就可以评为低分。

"In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response." [OG, P267]

Q: 拼写错误和语言问题要不要紧?

A: 关于这一点，我们要一分为二来看。一方面，我们没必要吹毛求疵;阅卷人知道这是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不构成理解障碍，就没太大问题(minor flaw)。另一方面，语法和拼写还是重要的，一旦这些小错误导致阅卷人觉得难以理解，就会构成重大问题(major flaw)。

把"dependence"写成"dependency"没太大问题;偶尔把"becomes independent"写成了"becomes independency"是个可以看到的错误，但还是问题不大;偶尔写出"They prefer to be depended on their parents."这样的奇怪句子也会得到阅卷人的宽恕。

"Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture." [OG, P253]

"If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score." [OG, P260]

Q: 字数是不是很重要?

A: 首先，字数没有上限。

其次，目前字数会比以前更有意义，因为考试有计数器专门动态显示字数，为的是让考生对自己的字数做到心里有数。而且两篇文章都有了推荐字数。所以，我的建议是超过这个建议字数，虽然不用超过太多。(Integrated Task超过150，Independent Task超过300)

最后，关键是内容，而不是数量。不要为了求字数而导致文章很啰嗦。

"Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question." [OG, P253]

"An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted." [OG, P258]

"The length is not considered."